- •Английский язык
- •Unit 1 Text a Starting a business
- •Vocabulary
- •I. Read and translate this text:
- •III. Answer the questions:
- •IV. Fill in the gaps with the following words:
- •V. Match up these words with the definitions below:
- •VI. We generally describe the economy as consisting of three sectors:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •Text b Business plan
- •Vocabulary
- •Read and translate this text:
- •Choose the right answer:
- •Read this letter and write an appropriate word below to fill each of the gap:
- •Substitute Russian words by English equivalents:
- •Text c Getting a credit
- •Read and translate this text in a written form:
- •Finish the sentences:
- •Read the dialogue between a bank manager and one of her customer:
- •Answer the questions:
- •I. Read the text and translate it into Russian: Budgeting
- •II. Put the terms into the box:
- •III. Irrevocable Letter of Credit
- •Look at the letter of credit. Read the explanations of the various sections below, and agree which explanation goes with which number in the document:
- •Translate this letter of credit into English:
- •Insurance
- •Vocabulary
- •Read the advertisement of an insurance firm and translate it into Russian:
- •Complete the words below to match the given meanings:
- •Mr. Smith has sent a claim form to his insurer after a fire at his restaurant. He receives the reply below. Complete the text with appropriate words from the box:
- •Bridge Insurance Ltd
- •124 Kew Gardens Road, London sw2 5hb
- •Look at the words used with the term claim; use the verbs to fill the gaps in the sentences below. Put the verbs into the correct form:
- •Which of the people below is being referred to in each of these sentences?
- •Match each of the ‘liability’ word partnerships with the appropriate definition:
- •Match the terms with its definitions:
- •Text c a Loan agreement
- •Read this text and translate it in a written form: Preamble, Amount of principle
- •Read the text and translate it into Russian:
- •Introduction to corporate taxation
- •Answer the questions:
- •True or False?
- •Text b Business organization
- •Vocabulary
- •Read the text and translate it into Russian: Types of business organization in the United Kingdom
- •Answer the questions:
- •True or False?
- •Text c a Loan Agreement
- •Unit 4 Text a Joint-Stock Company
- •Vocabulary
- •Read the text and translate it into Russian:
- •Insolvency problems
- •Answer the following questions:
- •Match the following sentences (1-11) with the words or phrases (a-k) on the right:
- •V The process of developing a corporate plan goes through several stages. Put the items (a-I) below in the correct place on the corporate plan:
- •VI.Translate into English:
- •Text b Organization structure
- •Vocabulary
- •Read and translate this text:
- •II Answer these questions:
- •III. Which of the following three paragraphs most accurately summarizes the text, and why?
- •Study the organization chart, then complete the description of the organization:
- •Unit 5 Text a Production
- •Vocabulary
- •Read the text and translate it into Russian:
- •Job production
- •Mass production
- •Batch production
- •Match the equivalents:
- •Answer the questions:
- •Match up these words with the definitions which follow:
- •Read the text below, and insert the words in the gaps:
- •Just-in-time production
- •Translate into English:
- •Text b Products and brands
- •Read the following text, and write a brief heading for each paragraph:
- •Answer these questions:
- •III Find words or expressions in the text which mean the following:
- •IV .Preparing a report
- •Read and complete the gaps using the following words:
- •VI Look at the words which can be used with the word ‘investment’ to make word partnerships, for example ‘capital investment’.
- •Role-play. Work in pairs to decide on the capital investment program. After you have decided, present it to the rest of the group.
- •Translate into English:
- •Text c a Loan Agreement
- •Unit 6 Text a Labour Unions
- •Vocabulary
- •Read and translate this text:
- •Industrial relations
- •Answer these questions:
- •Text b Who needs unions?
- •Read and translate this text:
- •II Answer these questions:
- •Find the words in the text which mean the following:
- •Translate into English:
- •Unit 7 Text a Preparation for negotiations
- •Vocabulary
- •Read and translate the following text about financial ratios:
- •Answer these questions:
- •Match the phrases on the left with a word or phrases on the right which means the same:
- •VI.Change the underlined words or phrases in the sentences below to other words or phrases that have a similar meaning. Choose them from the box:
- •Match each word with the correct definition:
- •Text b Business letter
- •Vocabulary
- •Read the following information on business letter:
- •Answer these questions:
- •Text c Types of business letters
- •Read and translate this text in a written form:
- •Read the following letters and match them with the type of the letter:
- •Unit 8 Text a Business Documents
- •Vocabulary
- •I Read and translate this text:
- •Invoice.
- •Answer these questions:
- •Read and translate this text:
- •II. Answer these questions:
- •III. Say whether the statements are true or false:
- •Insert the correct words in the appropriate spaces in the passage below:
- •Translate into English:
- •Text c The Bank of England
- •Содержание
I. Read the text and translate it into Russian: Budgeting
If a plan has been expressed in financial terms, we speak of the budget. Budgeting is the changing of operational plans (for example, for purchasing, production, research, or sales) into financial results. The budget shows the financial position the company will be in if all plans are executed. The possible financial results may be arranged as follows:
A projected balance sheet: a balanced sheet for a date in the future.
A results budget: a review of costs and revenues for a future period.
A liquidity budget: a review of cash receipts and cash expenditures for a future period.
A projected balance sheet, results budget, liquidity budget, and explanatory statements are together described as the master budget. The master budget is prepared from, and consolidates, budgets for separate subunits of an organization (sales, production, distribution and finance) to give a single budget for the whole organization. The master budget is the keystone which demonstrates the overall position of the company if the plans are executed. If, on the basis of this projection, undesirable positions come to light, the management can readjust its policy. By trying out various scenarios, management can ascertain what the consequences of changes in its policy will be. Finally, the management makes its choice from the policy options so that the objectives will be realized to the maximum possible extent.
A budget fulfils various functions: it is both a tool and a compass for management. By periodically comparing the budget plan with the actual results (‘feedback’) company processes can be controlled. Control requires a set of goals (the budget) and feedback as to how well those goals are being met. Budgeting obliges the management to contemplate the future. The budgeting stages formally determine the internal cohesion and necessary harmonizing of company activities which may be functionally divided between various departments. In this sense, a budget is an important means of co-ordination.
A budget is also a means of authorization. The staff member responsible for a section of the budget is authorized to make expenditures to the extent given in the budget without the further consent of higher management. Thus, certain authority is delegated, and management is freed to direct its attention to the future. Intervention in the actual course of business is then only necessary if there are (significant) deviations in the actual results as compared to the plan. The budget makes ‘management by exception’ possible.
Although the budget is typically a reflection of the financial results to be expected from the planned activities, quantity budgets which are only concerned with the number of units produced can also be included in the total budget system. A quantity budget is also ultimately converted to financial consequences, so it can be integrated into the master budget, but the price effect is eliminated so far as the performance report on this function is concerned.
A good rule of thumb is to include in a budget only those elements which are controllable by the employee or manager concerned (controllability principle). Otherwise the budget would cease to be an accountability standard. An employee will generally not be accountable for changes in the general level of interest rates, to the extent that his or her strategic choices are to borrow long or short, to make a share issue, or to cover risks on the future market. Similarly at some levels and in some situations, wage levels are partially controllable by the personnel management. The most senior management is responsible for ‘the bottom line’, that is they are accountable for the end-result, be it profit or loss.