II Answer these questions:

1. For whom and why were labour unions created?

2. Why are British unions known as trade unions?

3. What unions are there in France and Italy?

4. In what countries are industrial relations better and why?

5. Why should management be restrained and controlled?

6. What is the result of deregulation of labour markets?

7. What was the problem in negotiations with French drivers?

8. Why do some politicians and leaders regret the weakness of unions?

9. Why do some workers try not to join unions?

1. Find the words in the text which mean the following:

1. people who work with their hands

2. a union for workers with a particular type of job

3. to ask someone’s opinion before making a decision

4. an opponent or enemy

5. too expensive, wasteful, loss-making

6. unlimited and unfairly used power

7. ending or relaxing restrictive laws

8. areas of the economy run by the local or national government

9. hostile, almost aggressive, seeking conflicts

10. a large corporation, made up of a group of companies

1. Do some research and write a 100-200 word history of unions in your country. (For example: When were they first founded? Have they always been legal? Have there been periods in which they have been more or less powerful, or important, or necessary, than today?)

2. Match the equivalents:

   1. Remuneration	a) Оплата, вознаграждение
   2. Cost of living	b) Прожиточный минимум
   3. Worth of job	c) Стоимость труда
   4. Bonus scheme	d) Система поощрений
   5. Minimum wage	e) Минимальная заработная плата
   6. Wage schedule	f) Шкала заработной платы
   7. Tip	g) Плата сверх принятого уровня

3. Translate into English:

1. Отношения между администрацией и работниками всегда являлись сложным аспектом трудовых отношений.

2. Активную роль на предприятиях играют профсоюзы, которые ведут переговоры о заключении коллективного договора, регламентирующего рабочее время, условия труда и справедливую оплату труда.

3. Профессиональные объединения необходимы в условиях свободного рынка, так как они представляют нужды работников.

4. Существует мнение, что профсоюзы способствуют дерегулированию рынка труда, однако именно они являются инструментом защиты прав рабочей силы от привлечения специалистов на временную и неквалифицированную работу.

5. Профсоюзы являются важной частью социального партнерства в управлении предприятием.

6. Существует много стратегий поведения работников во время промышленного конфликта: забастовка, замедление темпа работы, работа строго по правилам, пикетирование.

7. Вознаграждение за труд зависит от ряда факторов, таких как стоимость труда и прожиточный минимум.

8. Правительство устанавливает размер минимальной заработной платы.

9. В шкале заработной платы определяются ставки оплаты за сдельную и повременную работу и ставка оклада.

10. В платежных ведомостях указывается оклад до удержания налогов и оклад после удержания налогов.

11. Существуют различные системы поощрений: премии, плата сверх принятого уровня, продажа работникам акций по льготной цене.

12. Предприятия обязаны оплачивать очередные отпуска работников.

13. Существует несколько способов пенсионного обеспечения на рынке труда: коллективный пенсионный вклад, специальный сберегательный счет, освобожденный от налогов, программа продажи акций служащим компании.

Text C

Article 9. Events of default

The occurrence of any of the following events shall constitute the event of default (hereinafter called ‘the Event of default’) hereunder;

1. If the Borrower fails to pay on the due date any sum which is expressed to be due and payable hereunder (unless such failure is due solely to technical reasons and does not last for a period of more than fifteen (15) days following the date of notice thereof from the Lender.

2. If the Borrower commits breach of or fails to observe any of its obligations or undertaking under this Agreement (other than 1.above) and such breach continuous for thirty (30) days after notice thereof has been received by the Borrower from the Lender.

3. If any representation, warranty, resolution or transactions made by the Borrower in or pursuant to this Agreement or in any document or statement delivered or made pursuant hereto is or becomes incorrect in any material respect and, if subject to cure, is not cured within fifteen (15) days from date of receipt by the Borrower of notice given by the Lender of such incorrectness.

4. If the Borrower fails to pay within fifteen (15) days as from its Letters of Credit, Letters of Guarantee and Loan Agreements with the Lender, the Lender’s affiliates or subsidiaries, the Lender’s parent company, Nisso Iwa Corporation, a Japanese corporation (‘NIC’) or NIC’s affiliate or subsidiaries, and such failure does not result from the introduction of any law in the country of the currency where the payment is to be made and making it unlawful or impossible for the Borrower to make such payment in such country.

5. If any order is made or an effective resolution is passed or analogous proceedings are taken for the liquidation or dissolution of the Borrower or if any event occurs which under the laws of Russia shall have an equivalent effect.

6. If the Borrow fails to observe any material term of any and all Letters of Credit, Letters of Guarantee and Loan Agreements with the Lender, the Lender’s affiliates or subsidiaries, the Lender’s parent company, Nisso Iwa Corporation, a Japanese corporation (‘NIC’) or NIC’s affiliate or subsidiaries to be performed or observed by the Borrower and if the effect of such failure is it permit the acceleration of any payment under such agreement.

Then, in any such event and at any time hereafter if any such event then continuous

the Lender may by notice to the Borrower;

a. If no drawing has been made hereunder, declare that the Agreement shall be cancel-

led whereupon the same shall be cancelled forthwith and all amounts payable and

hereunder shall become forthwith due and payable.

b. Declare the outstanding amount under this Agreement to be immediately due

and payable together with accrued interest and all other sums payable hereunder

whereupon the same shall become forthwith due and payable.