5 Read the text again and answer the questions that follow (1-5):

1. What was the original process of brick manufacture?

2. How can you describe a modern manufacturing process?

3. What environmental effects does a modern manufacturing process cause?

4. What have you read about recycling?

5. What are the examples of the modern use of brickwork? Why do these cathedrals impress visitors?

Follow-up

6 a) Find in the text the synonyms for the following words:

initially, complex, still without changes, high-activity, to discharge, long-dated environmental impact, to use again, to produce.

b) Explain the words in bold from the text and make up sentences of your own. Use English-English dictionaries to help you.

7 Give the English equivalents to the following and use 5 of them in small situations:

кирпич ручного формования; высушенный на солнце; превращать (из одного состояния в другое); безусадочный; прочный; добыча глины; загрязняющие вещества; зумпф для глинистого бурового раствора; раствор портландцемента; дробленый продукт; спроектированный кем-либо; как изнутри, так и снаружи; быть увенчанным; выступающая/ ступенчатая структура.

8 Read and translate the text and make 5 questions to it:

COLOURED MORTARS

Mortar colour has a profound effect on the overall appearance of the brickwork as, with stretcher bond and a standard 10 mm joint, the mortar accounts for 17% of the brickwork surface area. A wide range of light-fast coloured mortars is available which can be used to match or contrast with the bricks, thus highlighting the bricks as units or creating a unity within the brickwork. The coloured mortars contain inert pigments, which are factory-blended to a tight specification to ensure close colour matching between batches. Occasionally, black mortars may bloom due to lime migration to the surface. Coloured mortars can be used creatively to enhance the visual impact of the brickwork and even create designs on sections of otherwise monochromatic brickwork. The quantity of pigment should not exceed10% by weight of the cement. Mortar colours may also be modified by the use of stains after curing; however, such applications only penetrate 2 mm into the surface, and therefore tend to be used more for remedial work. Through-body colours are generally more durable than surface applications.

(From “Materials for Architects and Builders”)

9 Use the words below to complete the sentences: clay bricks Part I

The main constituents of brick-making clays are silica (sand) and 1) _____, but with varying quantities of chalk, 2) _____, iron oxide and other minor constituents such as fireclay, according to their source.

There are five main processes in the manufacture of 3) _____ bricks: a) extraction of the raw material; b) forming processes; c) drying; d) firing; e) packaging and distribution.

The process begins with the 4) _____ of the raw material from the quarry and its transportation to the works, by conveyor belt or road transport. Topsoil and 5) _____ overburden are removed first and used for site reclamation after the 6) _____ clay is removed.

The handmade process involves the throwing of a suit ably sized clot of wet clay into a wooden 7) _____ on a bench. The surplus clay is struck off with a framed wire and the green brick removed. The bricks produced are 8) _____ in shape with soft arises and interestingly folded surfaces. Two variations of the process are 9) _____ moulding and slop moulding.

clay, irregular, lime, unsuitable, mould, extraction, pallet, alumina, usable