6 A) Find the synonyms for the words given in italics.

b) Explain the words in bold from the text and make up sentences of your own. Use English-English dictionaries to help you.

7 Give the English equivalents to the following and use 5 of them in small situations:

строительная промышленность; покрыто лесами; приблизительно 2/3; ежегодные лесозаготовки; природный полимер; составлять около 45%; согласно чему-либо; широколиственный; срок службы; покрытие из древесины твердых пород; наросты; преимущественно; возобновляемые ресурсы.

8 A) Scan the text, but at six points fragments have been removed. Study the list with the missing fragments and decide where they go:

Timber, as a natural product, is rarely free from blemishes or defects. Timber imperfections 1) _____: natural, conversion and seasoning defects, according to whether they were present in the living tree, or arose during subsequent processing. Additionally, timber may be subjected to deterioration by weathering, fungal and insect attack and fire.

On prolonged exposure to sunlight, wind and rain, 2) _____ their natural colours and turn grey. Sunlight and oxygen break down some of the cellulose and lignin into water-soluble materials which are then leached out of the surface leaving it grey and denatured. Moisture movements, 3) _____, raise the surface grain, open up surface checks and cracks and increase the risk of subsequent fungal decay. Provided the weathering is superficial, the original appearance of the timber can be recovered by removing the denatured surface.

Wood preservatives contain pesticides in the form of insecticides and fungicides. Their use is therefore strictly controlled 4) _____ environmental damage.

Timber is an organic material and therefore combustible. Surface treatments, 5) _____, include antimony trioxide flame-retardant paints which are suitable for both interior and exterior use. Intumescent coatings, which swell up and char in fire, are suitable for most environments if overcoating is applied. However, 6) _____ may be negated by unsuitable covering or removal by redecoration.

1. associated with repeated wetting and drying cycles;

2. to limit unnecessary or accidental;

3. which cause the evolution of non-combustible gases in fire;

4. the protection afforded by surface treatments;

5. can be divided into three main categories;

6. external timbers gradually lose.

b) Give a written literate translation of the text.

9 Use the words below to complete the sentences: moisture control

Wood is a 1) _____ material, which means it naturally absorbs and releases water to balance its internal moisture content with the surrounding environment. The moisture content of wood is measured by the 2) _____ of water as a percentage of the oven-dry weight of the wood fiber. The key to controlling decay is to control moisture. Once decay fungi are established, the minimum moisture content for decay to propagate is 22 to 24%, so building experts 3) _____ 19% as the maximum safe moisture content for untreated wood in service. Water by itself does not 4) _____ the wood, but rather, wood with consistently high moisture content enables fungal organisms to grow.

The 5) _____ objective when addressing moisture loads is 6 )_____ water from entering the building envelope in the first place, and to balance the moisture content within the building itself. Moisture control by means of accepted design and construction details is a simple and practical method of 7) _____ a wood-frame building against decay. Finally, for applications with a high risk of staying 8) _____, designers should specify durable materials such as naturally decay-resistant species or wood that’s been treated with preservatives. Cladding, shingles, sill plates and exposed timbers or 9) _____ beams are examples of potential 10) _____ for treated wood.

recommend, applications, to keep, wet, hygroscopic, glulam, weight, harm, primary, protecting