5 Read the text again and answer the questions that follow (1-6):

1. Why is the history of architecture synonymous with the history of the window?

2. What were the first materials used for windows?

3. What do you know about the earliest usage of glass?

4. How did the stained glass windows function in the great medieval cathedrals?

5. In which way did windows serve military needs?

6. What is the importance of roof lights?

Follow-up

6 The words/phrases on the left appear in the text. Match each one to its synonym:

1 substantial progress	a) inside
2 daylight	b) obtain
3 interior	c) natural light
4 influence	d) significant advance
5 gain	e) effect

7 a) Explain the words in bold from the text and make up sentences of your own. Use English-English dictionaries to help you;

b) Find synonyms for the words in italics.

8 Give the English equivalents and use them in small situations:

сообщить о разнице между; посредством; известно; помещенный в бронзовую раму; средневековый; христианский; контрфорсная арка (аркбутан); желаемый эффект уменьшения контраста; витиеватые украшения; в равной степени; оказывать влияние на; быть окруженным; крытый дворик (атриум).

9 Use the words below to complete the sentences:

Primitive windows were just 1) _____ in a wall. Later, windows were covered with animal hide, cloth, or wood. 2) _____ that could be opened and closed came next. Over time, windows were built that both protected the 3)_____ from the elements and transmitted light: mullioned glass windows, which joined multiple small pieces of glass with leading, paper windows, flattened pieces of translucent animal horn, and plates of thinly sliced 4) _____. The Romans were the first to use 5) _____ for windows. In Alexandria ca. 100 CE, cast glass windows, albeit with poor optical properties, began to appear. Mullioned glass windows were the windows of choice among European well-to-do, whereas paper windows were 6) _____ and widely used in 7) _____ China, Korea and Japan. In England, glass became common in the windows of 8) _____ homes only in the early 17th century whereas windows made up of panes of flattened animal horn were used as early as the 14th century 9) _____ in Northern Britain. Modern-style 10) _____ became possible only after the industrial glass making process was perfected.

inhabitants, ordinary, century, holes, shutters, floor-to-ceiling,

glass, ancient, marble, economical

10 Choose the correct word to fill in the gaps:

The term "lite", or "light", refers to a glass pane, several of which may be used to 1) _____ the final window product. For example, a sash unit, consisting of at least one sliding glass component, is typically composed of two lites, while a 2) _____ window is composed of one lite. The terms "single-light", "double-light", etc. refer to the number of these glass panes in a window.

The lites in a window sash are divided horizontally and vertically by narrow strips of wood or metal called 3) _____. More substantial load bearing or structural vertical dividers are called 4) _____, with the corresponding horizontal dividers referred to as 5) _____.

In the United States, the term replacement window means a framed window designed to 6) _____ inside the original window frame from the inside after the old sashes are removed. In Europe, however, it usually means a complete window including a replacement outer frame.

In the U.S., the term new construction window means a window with a nailing fin designed to be inserted into a rough opening from the outside before applying siding and inside trim. A nailing fin is a projection on the 7) _____ frame of the window in the same plane as the glazing, which overlaps the prepared opening, and can thus be 'nailed' into place.

In the UK and mainland Europe, windows in new-built houses are usually fixed with long 8) _____ into expanding plastic plugs in the brickwork. A gap of up to 13 mm is left around all four sides, and filled with expanding polyurethane foam. This makes the window fixing weatherproof but allows for expansion due to heat.

A beam over the top of a window is known as the 9) _____ or transom, while a beam below the bottom of a window is known as the 10) _____ plate or window sill.

1.	A install	B construct	C put
2.	A fixed	B unopened	C motionless
3.	A muntins	B transom	C beam
4.	A transom	B beam	C mullions
5.	A mullions	B transoms	C muntins
6.	A skate	B glide	C slip
7.	A outer	B inside	C internal
8.	A nail	B peg	C screws
9.	A lintel	B sill	C jamb
10.	A transom	B sill	C lintel