Sequence of Tenses

(Узгодження часів)

a) he will live in London.

He says that b) he lives in London.

c) he lived in London.

a) he would live here (буде жити).

He said that b) he lived here (живе).

с) he had lived here (жив).

Узгодження форм часу

Категорія часу в незалежних реченнях або в прямій мові	Категорія часу в підрядних додаткових реченнях, якщо дієслово-присудок головного речення стоїть у формі минулого часу
PRESENT INDEFINITE	PAST INDEFINITE
І work.	І said that I worked.
PAST INDEFINITE	PAST PERFECT
I worked.	I said that I had worked.
FUTURE INDEFINITE	FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST
I shall work.	I said that I would work.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS	PAST CONTINUOUS
I am working.	I said that I was working.
PAST CONTINUOUS	PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
I was working.	I said that I had been working.
FUTURE CONTINUOUS	FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST
I shall be working.	I said that I would be working.
PRESENT PERFECT	PAST PERFECT
I have worked.	I said that I had worked.
PAST PERFECT	PAST PERFECT
I had worked.	I said that I had worked.
FUTURE PERFECT	FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST
I shall have worked.	I said that I would have worked.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS	PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
I have been working.	I said that I had been working.
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS	FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST
I shall have been working.	I said that I would have been working.

Reported speech (Hепряма мовa)

Пряма мова	Непряма мова
1. Не said: «Sexual abuse is a crime ».	1. He said that sexual abuse was a crime
2. He asked: «Do you speak English?».	2. He asked if (whether) I spoke English.
3. He asked: «What language do you speak?».	3. He asked what language I spoke.
4. He said: «Three persons were killed».	4. He said that three persons had been killed.
5. He said: «Don't talk in class».	5. He asked us not to talk in class.

Passive Voice ( Пасивний стан )

Кожне перехідне дієслово має форму активного стану (Active Voice) i пасивного стану (Passive Voice).