III. Переведите предложения. Определите используемые инфинитивные обороты (Complex Object, Complex Subject). Определите форму инфинитива.

1. Macroeconomics is believed to emphasize the interactions in the economy as a whole.

2. Command and market economies are said to have significant faults.

3. When do you expect them to launch a new product line?

4. The buyer wants the seller to reduce food prices.

5. Urban economics proves to deal with city problems: land use, transport, congestion and housing.

6. In a mixed economy, the government and the private sector are known to interact in solving economic problems.

7. Market economy lets consumers decide what is to be produced.

IV. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на особенности перевода причастия II.

1. A lot of money is spent on advertising, and detailed price lists are often shown in newspaper advertisements.

2. Manufacturing workers use the raw materials produced by extractive industry.

3. The money earned by agents is called commission.

4. Conveniently located, they often operate round the clock.

5. A fully planned economy means one in which all the important means of production are publicly owned.

6. All those involved in the provision of goods and services are called producers.

V. Прочитайте и переведите письменно следующий текст.

Oligopoly

An oligopoly is a market form in which a market or industry is dominated by a small number of sellers (oligopolists). Because there are few participants in this type of market, each oligopolist is aware of the actions of the others. Oligopolistic markets are characterised by interactivity. The decisions of one firm influence, and are influenced by the decisions of other firms. Strategic planning by oligopolists always involves taking into account the likely responses of the other market participants. This causes oligopolistic markets and industries to be at the highest risk for collusion.

In industrialized countries oligopolies are found in many sectors of the economy, such as cars, consumer goods, and steel production. Unprecedented levels of competition, fueled by increasing globalisation, have resulted in the emergence of oligopoly in many market sectors, such as the aerospace industry. Market shares in oligopoly are typically determined on the basis of product development and advertising. There are now only a small number of manufacturers of civil passenger aircraft. A further instance arises in a heavily regulated market such as wireless communications. Typically the state will license only two or three providers of cellular phone services.

Oligopolistic competition can give rise to a wide range of different outcomes. In some situations, the firms may collude to raise prices and restrict production in the same way as a monopoly. A market form with a formal agreement for such collusion is known to be called a cartel. Competition laws forbid cartels. Identifying and breaking up cartels is an important part of the competition policy in most countries, although proving the existence of a cartel is rarely easy, as firms are usually not so careless as to put agreements to collude on paper.

VI. Выпишите из текста английские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений и выучите их:

олигополия, интерактивность, стратегическое планирование, принимать во внимание, сектор экономики, беспрецедентный уровень конкуренции, повышать цены, ограничивать производство, антимонопольное законодательство, конкурентная политика.

VII. Ответьте письменно на вопросы по тексту:

1. What is an oligopoly?

2. What does strategic planning by oligopolists involve?

3. What is a cartel?

VIII. Выпишите из текста предложения, содержащие подчеркнутые инговые формы глаголов (причастие I, герундий). Укажите их функции. Предложения переведите.

IX. Выпишите из текста предложения, содержащие выделенный инфинитив. Определите форму и функцию инфинитива. Переведите предложения.