Техника перевода
Полезно соблюдать определенный алгоритм действий:
1. Прежде чем начать перевод, внимательно прочитайте весь текст, поймите его содержание.
2. Прочитайте текст вторично, разбив его на небольшие части.
3. Перевод предложений начинайте со сказуемого и подлежащего:
Глагол-сказуемое обычно стоит на втором месте. Запомните способы нахождения сказуемого:
а) по личным местоимениям;
б) по неправильным глаголам;
в) по вспомогательным и модальным глаголам в личной форме;
г) по суффиксу - (е) s
д) по суффиксу – (e) d
Подлежащее находится слева от сказуемого. Помните, что существительные могут быть подлежащим только без предлога перед ним.
4. Найдите значения новых слов в словаре.
5. Внимательно присмотритесь к словам, имеющим знакомые вам английские, латинские или интернациональные корни, суффиксы и префиксы. Попытайтесь установить значения этих слов, обращая внимание на то, какой частью речи являются такие слова, а затем подбирайте соответствующее русское слово.
6. Помните, что в научном тексте часть слов может быть опущена без ущерба содержания.
7. Отличайте определение от определяемого слова (группа с существительным в конце)
8. Слова, оставшиеся непонятными, ищите в словаре, соотнося их значение с контекстом.
I. Прочтите и переведите текст.
Cataract
A
cataract is a clouding of the lens in the eye that affects vision.
Most cataracts are related to aging. Cataracts are very common in
older people. By age 80, more than half of all Americans either have
a cataract or have had cataract surgery. A cataract can occur in
either or both eyes. It cannot spread from one eye to the other. How
do cataracts develop?
Age-related
cataracts develop in two ways:
1. Clumps of protein reduce the sharpness of the image reaching the retina. The lens consists mostly of water and protein. When the protein clumps up, it clouds the lens and reduces the light that reaches the retina. The clouding may become severe enough to cause blurred vision. Most age-related cataracts develop from protein clumpings. When a cataract is small, the cloudiness affects only a small part of the lens. You may not notice any changes in your vision. Cataracts tend to "grow" slowly, so vision gets worse gradually. Over time, the cloudy area in the lens may get larger, and the cataract may increase in size. Seeing may become more difficult. Your vision may get duller or blurrier. 2. The clear lens slowly changes to a yellowish/brownish color, adding a brownish tint to vision. As the clear lens slowly colors with age, your vision gradually may acquire a brownish shade. At first, the amount of tinting may be small and may not cause a vision problem. Over time, increased tinting may make it more difficult to read and perform other routine activities. This gradual change in the amount of tinting does not affect the sharpness of the image transmitted to the retina. If you have advanced lens discoloration, you may not be able to identify blues and purples. You may be wearing what you believe to be a pair of black socks, only to find out from friends that you are wearing purple socks. II. Выберите из текста предложения, в которых используется отрицание, выпишите их и переведите на русский язык.
III. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:
помутнение хрусталика
поражать зрение
распространяться с одного глаза на другой
становиться хуже
приобрести коричневатый оттенок
IV. Выберите утверждения, которые соответствуют данному тексту:
1. A cataract is a clouding of the lens of the eye that doesn’t affect vision.
2. People with cataract always notice changes in their vision.
3. The gradual change in the amount of tinting doesn’t affect the sharpness of the image transmitted to the retina.
V. Подберите синонимы к следующим словам:
1. vision
2. to reduce
3. amount
VI. Гуманитарный аспект
Прочитайте текст и передайте его содержание на русском языке:
THANKSGIVING
What do you see in the picture?
What are they doing?
Do you celebrate Thanksgiving?
On the fourth Thursday in November, in houses around the United States, families get together for a feast, or a large meal. Almost all families eat turkey and cranberry sauce for this meal, and have pumpkin pie for dessert. This feast is part of a very special day, the holiday of Thanksgiving.
In 1620 the Pilgrims made a difficult trip across the ocean from England. They landed in what is now Massachusetts. In England the Pilgrims had not been allowed to freely practice their religion. So they went to the New World in search of religious freedom.
The Pilgrims' first winter was very hard. Almost half the group died of cold, hunger, and disease. But the Indians of Massachusetts taught the Pilgrims to plant corn, to hunt, and to fish. When the next fall came, the Pilgrims had plenty of food. They were thankful and had a feast to give thanks. They invited the Indians to join them. This was the first Thanksgiving.
Thanksgiving became a national holiday many years later because of a woman named Sarah Hale. For forty years Sarah Hale wrote to each president and asked for a holiday of Thanksgiving. At last she was successful. In 1863 President Lincoln declared Thanksgiving a holiday.
How much is Thanksgiving today like the Pilgrims' Thanksgiving? In many ways they are different. For example, historians think-that the Pilgrims ate deer, not turkey. The idea of Thanksgiving, though, is very much the same: Thanksgiving is a day on which we celebrate and give thanks