Grammar: The Past Perfect Continuous Tense.

Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative
I had been working	I had not been working	Had I been working?

I’d been working I hadn’t been working

• The Past Perfect Continuous Tense.

• Inclusive: denotes an action which began before a definite moment in the past, continued up to that moment and was still going on at that moment. It is used with: -since, for We had

Been climbing for six hours when at last we reached the summit of the mountain.

• Exclusive: denotes an action which was no longer going on at a definite moment in the past, but which had been in progress not long before. Outside everything was in deep snow. It had been snowing hard all night?(not at that moment)

Ex.6.Put the verb in brackets into the Past Perfect Continuous.

1. Clouds (gather) all day now rain came down in sheets. 2. “I’ am coming all right, “said Mr. Dilinger, who (shave) for the last ten minutes. 3. I realized that he had come away with me in order to discuss once more what he already (discuss) for hours with his sister-in-law.4. I slowly released a breath and only then realized that I (hold) it for some time.

Ex.7. Put the verb in brackets into the Past Indefinite, the Past Perfect Continuous and the Past Perfect Tense.

1. When I (leave )home, the snow already (stop). 2. It (be) 6 p.m. and Jack (be) tired because he (work) hard all day. 3. He clearly (listen) to our conversation and I (wonder) how much he (hear). 4.She (say) she (teach) at this school for twenty years. 5.He (say) he just (finish) the book he (read) all this time. 6.The postman (come) after lunch and (bring) me a letter which I (expect) for a long time.7.It (rain) since the morning, and the fields (be) quite muddy.

Ex.8.Answer the questions.

Example: Did you work at your English Yesterday? – Yes, I did.

How long had you been working at your English before you went for a walk?(for an hour )- I had been working at my English for an hour.

1.Did it rain yesterday?........ . How long had it been raining when you left home?(for 3 hours)....... . 2. Did she work at the University before she retired?......... . How long had she been working there before she retired?(for 25 years).... . 3. Did you stay at the hotel when you were in London?........ . How long had you been living there when Jane arrived?(for a fortnight)..... .4. Did they study French before they went to France?...... . How long had they been studying it before they went there?(for 5 years ).... 5. Did they work on their book last year?....... . How had they been working on it before they sent it to the publishing house?(for 2 years).... .

Ex.9. Make up sentences according to the pattern.

Example: You come home. Your children were watching television.(they/ not/ do/ any work)-They hadn’t been doing any work.

1.Brother and sister came home with angry faces.(they/ quarrel/ on the way home) 2. There was nobody in the flat. But a delicious smell of fresh bread was in the air.(Mother /bake bread) 3. Mary closed her eyes. She felt very tired. (she/ read/ too long) 4. You came home from a party. You were nearly dropping on your feet.(you /dance/ all night) 5. When I looked at my typewriter, I saw a sheet of paper in it.(somebody/ use/ my typewriter)

Ex.10. Put the verb in brackets into the Past Indefinite, the Past Continuous and the Past Perfect.

1. When I (get) home that evening, my little son(eat) dinner himself for the first time.2. My sister’s wedding (be) the only thing everybody (talk) at home for the last two weeks. 3. They (go) back to the hotel and up to their suite, where they (expect) the inspector at six – thirty.4. Presently he (turn) to look at the corner where she (stand). 5. He just(leave)for the airport when I (call). 6.” Who are you thinking of?” he (ask) after he (look) at me for a few seconds.7.They stand in the open front doorway, waiting for her to come in out of the rain.8. Nobody (know) where Smith (go). 9.When he (come) back to the conference room, he (see) that the situation (change).

Ex.11. Translate into English.

1. Қонақтар кетті. Енді олар қонақ бөлмесіндегі камин алдында отырды. 2. Үйге бара жатқан жолда кездескен адамдар оған күлімдей қарап, оның демалысты қалай өткізгенін сұрады. 3. Менің ойымша, ол маған отызға жуық сурет көрсетіп шықты. Бұл оның жұмыс жасаған алты жылының нәтижесі. 4. Ол (қыз) сурет салу өнерін баспа жұмысында істегеннен бұрын үш жыл оқыды. Мен оған өз кітабыма иллюстрация жасауын өтінгенде, ол өз кітабына иллюстрациялауды аяқтап жатты. 5. Олар бес миль де өтіп үлгермей оларды полиция тоқтатты. 6. Мистер Мэтлок өз ұлына қарап еді, оның көзқарасы жұмсарып кетті. 7. Боран тынышталды, аспан ашылды, тағы да күн шығып тұрды.

UNIT 6

HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE USA

Text: Higher Education

Grammar: Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Higher Education

Out of more than three million students who graduate from high school each year, about one million go on for higher edu­cation. A college at a leading university might receive applica­tions from two per cent of these high school graduates, and then accept only one out of every ten who apply. Successful applicants at such colleges are usually chosen on the basis of a) their high school records; b) recommendations from their high school teachers; c) their scores on the Scholastic Aрptitude Tests (SATs).

The system of higher education in the United States com­prises three categories of institutions: 1) the university, which may contain a) several colleges for undergraduate students seeking a bachelor's (four-year) degree and b) one or more graduate schools for those continuing in specialized studies beyond the bachelor's degree to obtain a master's or a doctoral degree, 2) the technical training institutions at which high school graduates may take courses ranging from six months to four years in duration and learn a wide variety of technical skills, from hair styling through business accounting to com­puter programming; and 3) the two-year, or community col­lege, from which students may enter many professions or may transfer to four-year colleges.

Any of these institutions, in any category, might be either public or private, depending on the source of its funding. Some universities and colleges have, over time, gained reputa­tions for offering particularly challenging courses and for pro­viding their students with a higher quality of education. The factors determining whether an institution is one of the best or one of the lower prestige are quality of the teaching faculty; quality of research facilities; amount of funding available for libraries, special programs, etc.; and the competence and num­ber of applicants for admission, i. e. how selective the institu­tion can be in choosing its students.

The most selective are the old private north-eastern univer­sities, commonly known as the Ivy League, include Harvard Radcliff, (Cambridge, Mass., in the urban area of Boston), Yale University (New Haven between Boston and New York), Columbian College (New York), Princeton University (New Jersey), Brown University, Cornell University, Dartmouth College, University of Pennsylvania. With their traditions and long established reputations they occupy a position in Ameri­can university life rather like Oxford and Cambridge in Eng­land, particularly Harvard and Yale.

The Ivy League Universi­ties are famous for their graduate schools, which have become intellectual elite centers. In defence of using the examinations as criteria for admis­sion, administrators say that the SATs provide a fair way for deciding whom to admit when they have ten or twelve appli­cants for every first-year student seat. In addition to learning about a college/university's entrance requirements and the fees, Americans must also know the fol­lowing: Professional degrees such as a Bachelor of Law (LL.A.) or a Bachelor of Divinity (B.D.) take additional three years of study and require fist B.A. or B.S. to be earned by a student.

Gradual schools in America award Master's and Doctor's degrees in both the arts and sciences. Tuition for these programs is high. The courses for most graduate degrees can be completed in two or four years. A thesis is required for a Master's degree; a Doctor's degree requires a minimum of two years of course work beyond the Master's degree level, success in a qualifying examination, proficiency in one or two foreign languages and/or in a research tool (such as statistics) and completion of a doctoral dissertation.

The number of credits awarded for each course relates to the number of hours of work involved. At the undergraduate level а student generally takes about five three-hour a week courses every semester. (Semesters usually run from September to early January and late January to late May.) Credits are earned by attending lectures (or lab classes) and by successfully completing assignments and examinations. One credit usually equals one hour of class per week in a single course. A three- credit course in Linguistics, for example, could involve one hour of lectures plus two hours of seminars every week. Most students complete 10 courses per an academic year and it usually takes them four years to complete a bachelor's degree requirement of about 40 three-hour courses or 120 credits.

In the American higher education system credits for the academic work are transferable among universities. A student can accumulate credits at one university, transfer them to a second and ultimately receive a degree from there or a third university.