Grammar: First Conditionql

The first type of sentences is probable. The verb in the if- clause is in the present tense; the verb in the main clause is in the future simple. I doesn’t matter which comes first: If he runs he’ll get there in time.

This type of sentence implies that the action in the if-clause is quite probable.

Possible variations of the basic form.

• Variations of the main clause. Instead of if + present + may/might (possibility): If the fog gets thicker the plane may/might be diverted.

• If + present + may (permission) or can (permission or ability): If your documents are in order you may/can leave at once.

• If + present + must, should or any expressions of command, request or advice: If you want to lose weight you must/ should eat less bread.

• If + present + another present tense, if + two present tenses is used to express automatic or habitual results: If you heat ice turns to water

• If + present continuous, to indicate a present action or a future arrangement: If you are waiting for a bus (present action) you’d better join the queue.

• If + present perfect: If you have finished dinner I’ll ask the waiter for the bill.

Ex.5. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses.

1. If I see him I (give) him a lift.2. The table will collapse if you (stand) on it.3. If he (eat) all that he will be ill.4. If I find your passport I (telephone) you at once.5. The police (arrest) him if they catch him.6. Someone (steal) your car if you leave it unlocked.7. If she (need) a radio she can borrow mine.8. What will happen if my parachute (not open).9. If he (be) late we’ll go without him.10. Unless he (sell) more he won’t get much commission.11. If you (not believe) what I say, ask your mother.12. Should you require anything else please (ring) the bell for the attendant.

Ex.6. Translate into English.

1.Егер біз такси таппасақ, біз поездан қалып қоямыз. 2. Егер сен мұқият тыңдасаң, барлығын түсінесің. 3. Егер мен дәрігер болсам, мен сіздерді емдеймін. 4. Егер сіз маған көмектессеңіз, мен жұмысты кешке қарай бітіремін. 5. Егер олар мені шақырса, мен оларға қонаққа барамын. 7. Егер сен кешкі газетті оқысаң, барлық жаңалықтарды білесің. 8. Егер өзінің жұмыстарын бітірсе, ол ертерек келеді. 9. Егер мен қалаға барсам, сені өзіммен бірге ала кетемін. 10. Егер ол университетке түссе, жақсы оқитын болады.

Ex. 7. Fill in the blanks with the Simple Present Subjunctive of the verbs shown in brackets. For example:

They insisted that she _____ at once. (to come) They insisted that she come at once. The proposal that she ______ us has merit. (to meet) The proposal that she meet us has merit. 1.He suggested that I _________ ready by eight o'clock. (to be) 2.We request that she _________ the window. (to open) 3.They demanded that he _________ the room. (to leave) 4.I will ask that she _____________ me. (to accompany) 5.They recommended that he _________ to Bermuda. (to fly) 6.The request that we ______ ready to leave at six is a nuisance. (to be) 7.The recommendation that she ______ a holiday was carried out. (to take) 8.It is necessary that you _________ able to come with us. (to be) 9.They asked that we _________ standing. (to remain) 10.The requirement that he _________ work will be hard to meet. (to find) 11.It is important that he _________ everything he can. (to learn) 12.The demand that she __________ the report has been carried out. (to complete) Ex. 8. Complete each of the following sentences with the Past Perfect Subjunctive of the verb shown in brackets. For example:

They wished they ___ not ____. (to come)

They wished they had not come. I wish I ________ ready on time. (to be)

I wish I had been ready on time. Will she wish she __________ her bicycle? (to ride) Will she wish she had ridden her bicycle? 1.I wish I ______ not ____________ the answers. (to lose) 2.They wished they ______ not _____________ the appointment. (to forget) 3.He will wish he __________________ us the book. (to show) 4.Will they wish we __________________ them some food? (to give) 5.We wish it _______________ yesterday. (to snow) 6.She wished she ______ not _________ the window. (to open) 7.I wished I _______________ the news. (to hear) 8.You wish you _______________ what to do. (to know) Ex. 9. Complete each of the following sentences with the Simple Past Subjunctive of the verb shown in brackets. For example: He wished he ____ able to do it. (to be)

He wished he were able to do it. I wish I ______ with you. (to agree) I wish I agreed with you. They will wish they _____ time to come. (to have) They will wish they had time to come.

1.I wish it _________ possible to finish the work tonight. (to be) 2.Will he wish he ______ ready? (to be) 3.She wished she _________ how to sing. (to know) 4.We wish they ____________ to come with us. (to want) 5.You wished you ___________ better. (to feel) 6.They will wish it _________ warmer. (to be) 7.Does he wish he ____________ younger? (to be) 8.I wish I _________ the subject more interesting. (to find)

Ex. 10. Complete the following sentences, using the indicated verbs in the Simple conjugation with would. For example: They wished the sun ___________. (to shine) They wished the sun would shine. Does she wish it __________? (to snow) Does she wish it would snow? You will wish the bell _________. (to ring) You will wish the bell would ring.

1.They wished she __________________ the arrangements. (to make) 2.He will wish you __________________ him. (to help) 3.She wishes the mail _______________. (to come) 4.We wished they _________________. (to hurry) 5.You will wish the door _________________. (to open) 6.They wish we _________________ for them. (to wait) 7.I wish you _________________ to me. (to write) 8.Will she wish you _______________ her? (to join)

Ex. 11. Paying attention to the underlined adverbs indicating time, complete each of the following sentences with the correct form of the verb shown in brackets. Use the Past Perfect Subjunctive, the Simple Past Subjunctive, or the Simple conjugation with would, depending on whether the time of the action referred to in the subordinate clause is earlier than, the same as, or later than, the time of making the wish. For example: We wished they _________ us earlier. (to call) We wished they had called us earlier. She wishes she ____ in Rome now. She wishes she were in Rome now. I wish you __________ with us tomorrow. (to come) I wish you would come with us tomorrow.

1.I wish he ___________ here now. (to be) 2.I wish that you _____________ here yesterday. (to be) 3.We wish you ________________ tomorrow. (to come) 4.You will wish you ______________ earlier. (to leave) 5.They wished he _________________ with them the next day. (to come) 6.We wish you ________________ yesterday. (to arrive) 7.I wish that he ______________ us next year. (to visit) 8.She wishes that she ___________ at home now. (to be) 9.You wish that he ______________ you last week. (to help) 10.He will always wish he ____________ rich. (to be) 11.The boy wished that he ____________ the competition the next day. (to win) 12.She will wish she _____________ the arrangements earlier. (to make) 13.I wish the weather ____________ warmer now. (to be) 14.We always wished we ____________ fluent in other languages. (to be) 15.They wish he ________________ them next week. (to telephone)

Ex. 12. For each of the following sentences, rewrite the subordinate clause, using the form in which the word if is omitted. For example:

If I were in your position, I would pay close attention.

Were I in your position, I would pay close attention.

If it had been raining, we would have used our umbrellas.

Had it been raining, we would have used our umbrellas.

1. If he were here, he would lend us his car.

2. If I had remembered their address, I would have sent them a card.

3. If we were not waiting for a telephone call, we would go downtown.

4. If they had recognized her, they would have spoken to her.

5. If I had been intending to go shopping, I would have let you know.

6. If you had seen the movie, you would have liked it.

7. If it were not snowing, we would go out.

8. If he had been shoveling the walk, we would have seen him.

UNIT 13

INFLATION

Text: Types of inflation.

Grammar: Conditionqls

Types of Inflation.

There are several ways of defining inflation. In some contexts it refers to a steady increase in the supply of money. In others it seems as a situation where demand persistently exceeds supply. It seems best, however, to define inflation in terms of its basic symptom-rising prices. Inflation is a situa­tion in which the general price level is persistently moving upwards.

In the extreme form of inflation, prices rise at a phe­nomenal rate and terms such as hyperinflation, run­away inflation, or galloping inflation have been used to explain the situation. Germany experienced this kind of inflation in 1923 and by the end of that year prices were one million times greater than their pre-war level. Towards the end of 1923, paper money was losing half or more of its value one hour, and wages were fixed and paid daily.

Under conditions of hyperinflation people lose confi­dence in the currency's ability to carry out its functions. It becomes unacceptable as a medium of exchange and other commodities, such as cigarettes, are used as money. When things have become as bad as this the only possible course of action is to withdraw the currency and issue new monetary units So great was he loss of confidence in Hungary that the new currency cid to be given a new name, the Forint replacing the Pengo.

Another type of inflation is described as suppressed inflation. This refers to a situation where demand exceeds supply, but the effect on prices is minimized by the use of such devices as price controls and rationing. We should note that price controls do not deal with the causes of inflation; they merely attempt to suppress the symptoms. The excess demand still exist and it will tend to show itself in the form of waiting lists, queues, and almost inevitably, in the form of black markets. The most common type of inflation is that experienced since the war in Britain and other developed countries. This is creeping inflation where the genera 1 price level rises at an annual rate between 1 and 6 percent.

Demand inflation. Demand inflation may be defined as a situation where aggregate demand persistently exceeds aggregate supply at current prices sc that prices are being 'pulled' upwards. This type of inflation is usually associated with conditions of full employment. If there are unemployed resources available, an increase in demand can be not by bringing these resources into employment.

Supply will increase and the increase in demand will have little or no effect on the general price level. If the total demand for goods and services continues to increase, however, a full employment situation will eventually be reached and no fur­ther increases in output are possible (i.e. in the short run). Once the nation's resources are fully employed, an increase in demand must lead to an upward movement of prices. A situation of excess demand may arise when a country is trying to achieve an export surplus, in order, perhaps, to pay off some overseas debt. Exports are inflationary because they generate income at home but reduce home supplies. Imports, of course, can make good this deficiency of home supply, but if exports are greater than imports there will be excess demand in the home market unless taxes and savings are increased to absorb the excess purchasing power.

Demand inflation might develop when, with full employment, a country tries to increase its rate of econom­ic growth. In order to increase the rate of capital accumula­tion, resources will have to be transferred from the produc­tion of consumer goods to the production of capital goods. Incomes will not fall since the factors of production are still fully employed, but the supply of the things on which these incomes may be sent will fall. Unless taxation and/or sav­ings increase there will be excess demand and rising prices.