Grammar: Modal verbs (can, may and their equivalents).

Modal verbs are used to show the speaker’s attitude towards the action. We use them with other verbs. Modal verbs are not “complete” verbs. We don’t use “to”-infinitives after modals: You mustn’t phone now. It’s late.

Modal verb Equivalent	Present	Past	Future
can to be able to ... may to be allowed to...	сan am/is/are able to may am/is/are allowed to	could was/were able to might was/were allowed to	will be able to - will be allowed to

In its first meaning “can” expresses:

1. Mental, phisycal, circumstantial ability

2. Permission болады + инф.

3. Request

4. Prohibition болмайды + инф.

We use may/ might:

• to ask permission/ to give permission (болады)

• to talk about possible happenings in the Future (мүмкін)

• to talk about possible plans (болады, мүмкін)

• reproach (болар еді)

We also use can/could to ask or refuse permission. Can I make myself a cup of tea?

Could is more politely than can: Could I make a phone call, please.

Ex.6.Analyse the meaning of the verb “may”. Translate the sentences into Kazakh.

1.I said to Mrs. Micawber :” May I ask what you and Mr. Micawber intend to do, now that Mr. Micawber is out of his difficulties? Have you settled yet?” 2. He said I might come to him any day I liked. 3.I asked if I might bring my wife down next Saturday.4. If he walks from the station, he may arrive in the course of the next half-hour.5. It was some special occasion. I don’t remember what. It may have been my birthday.6. He may not have learned the news, that’s why he looks as if nothing had happened. 7.

Ex.7. Explain the meaning of "can" (ability, permission, request,

prohibition, possible action) in the following sentences.

1. She is unwell, she can't leave her room. 2. Can I smoke here, Mrs. Right? 3. The teacher said they could all go home. 4. A policeman arrived and told him he couldn't park there. 5. My son is not in town; but he'll be here before long. - Can I give him any message? 6. We can discuss it now. 7. I could never understand what made her behave as she did. 8. If you are tired you can lie on the sofa for a bit. 9."Life," the old man said, "can only be understood when you are old. Now I see all the mistakes I could have avoided.” 10. We are in charge of this great business. We cannot leave our responsibility to others. 11. He was surprised that she could paint so well. 12. She is not married though she could marry anybody she chose.

Ex.8.Fill in the spaces with "will be able to" or "will not (won't) be able to".

1. When her arm is better, she ... play the piano again. 2. I'm sorry, but I ...come to your birthday party next week. 3. He ... eat everything when the doctor allows him. 4. My sister ...go out to dances until she is seventeen. 5. Why do you sit at the back of the class if you can't hear well? You ... hear better if you sit in the front. 6. I'm too busy to have a holiday this year, but I hope I ... have a long holiday next year. 7. The train leaves at five o'clock tomorrow morning. We ... catch it if we don't get up very early. 8. He was working very hard before he fell ill. He ...work so hard when he comes out of hospital. 9. Perhaps one day we ... travel to the Moon.

Ex.9.Complete the following sentences using "could" or "was/were able to".

It was a fine day yesterday, so we ....have a picnic, and we enjoyed it very much. 2. He suddenly felt ill, but he.... finish his speech, although at the end he could hardly stand. 3. He spoke very little French when he left school, but he ... understand the language. 4. I got to the station at 9.50 a.m. and ...catch the 9.55 a.m. train. I was very pleased I didn't have to wait for the next train. 5. He has always been good at Math's. But even he ....solve this difficult problem. 6. The town was full of visitors, and we didn't know where we would spend the night, but at last we ... find two vacant rooms in a small hotel. 7. Before his illness, he...work fourteen hours a day if he had to.

Ex.10. Translate the words in brackets.

1. Of course, I (аудара аламын) translate this article.

2. I think I (көрсете алр едім) show you how to do it.

3. You (болады) go and tell her about it.

4. (Бола ма) I see the doctor now?

5. He (көмектесе алар едім) you but he didn't want to bother.

6. You (болады) easily get there in 20 minutes.

7. You (орындай аласыз) do it directly on return.

8. You (болмайды) discuss the subject with your friends.

9. She was in a hurry, she (күте алмады) wait for us.

10. There is a sign. You (болмайды) take pictures here.

11. The swimmer was very tired but he (жете алды) reach the shore.

Ex.11. Translate the sentences into English.

1.Сіз, мүмкін, оны станцияда кездестірерсіз. 2. Мүмкін ол бізге хат тастаған шығар. 3. Сіз қолғаптарыңызды үйде ұмытып кеткен шығарсыз? 4. Ол (қыз) бұны кейін түсінетін шығар. 5. Ол (қыз) бәрін де ұмытқан шығар. 6. Ол Париждан қайтқан соң французша еркін (fluently) сөйлей алатын болады. 7. Мен сенің қаламыңды алсам бола ма? – Иә, мархабат. 8. Сіз коньки тебе аласыз ба? 9. Ол жас болған кезде, күніне 20 километр жүре алатын. 10. Маған ешкім көмектесе алмады. 11. Сен бұл жұмысты ертең жасай аласың ба? 12. Мен бес жасымда жүзе алатын едім. 13. Сен бұл мәтінді аудара аласың ба? 14. Бұл кітапты кез келген дүкеннен сатып алуға болады. 15. Біз тауға ендігі жылы бара аламыз.

UNIT 11

TRAVELLING

Text: The holiday.

Grammar: Modal verbs: must, should, ought and their equivalents.

The Holiday.

One evening, Jillian came home with the information that their friends, Liz and Peter Smith, had bought a holiday cottage in the country. And that, somehow, made them start thinking s seriously about their own summer holidays.

So they sat down to discuss it. Jillian thought she would like to go Italy and Martin suggested that Spain might be a good idea. Then Jillian remembered seeing some advertisements for Sweden and Martin wondered whether Yugoslavia was a possibility. Finally, without deciding where to go, they realized that it would be wise to think about the cost of going abroad.

“Well, the first thing is to make a decision about the car.” – Jill said. “ If we don’t take it we shall have to stay in one place.”

“And if we decided to take it,” Marten answered,” we shall have to use a car ferry, either ship or plane. “A long discussion followed after which Martin had written down:

Sea ferry - cheapest - slowest - least comfortable

Air ferry - more expensive – faster - more comfortable

Fly all the way - most expensive - fastest - most comfortable

“We had better take the car ”,he said, “because we simply can’t afford to fly all the way. But if we fly across the Channel with the car , we shan’t be able to afford to stay in a hotel.” Was it his imagination, he wondered ,or was Jill looking disappointed ?

But then she suddenly put forward a new suggestion: “If we flew all the way,” she said thoughtfully,” we couldn’t pay the hotel bills. If we flew with the car across the Channel, we still shouldn’t be able to stay in a hotel. But if we bought a tent, we should be able to use air ferry- and we have a camping holiday. Perhaps we should be able to go to several countries, instead of one. ” It seemed the perfect answer to the problem and neither of them could find any objections to the idea. So having both arranged to have three weeks’ holiday from 1^st of August, they went along to a sports shop, and after carefully examining five different tents, decided which one would be most suitable and brought it home.

Then everything began to happen at once. Martin found that he couldn’t get tickets for the air ferry during the first week in August. But, worse still, the car started making peculiar noises, and the mechanic at Martin’s usual garage said that if he took it abroad , he would be asking for trouble. That evening Peter and Liz Smith came round full excitement because they were going to Italy with some money Peter’s aunt sent him, and they had been lucky enough to get the last two air ferry tickets for the first week in August.

“We’re very pleased for you,” Martin said weakly, then Jillian began a long explanation of their own problems. ”But that’s easy,” Peter exclaimed. ”Have our cottage . Your car’s good enough to take you there and we shan’t be needing the place because we shall be away. Now, don’t think any more about it, the cottage is yours for the first three weeks in August.”