2. Translate these questions into English and answer them.

1. Коли Україна стала незалежною державою?

2. Чим вiдома Україна?

3. Що вам вiдомо про Київ?

4. Яка полiтична система України?

5. На скiльки областей подiлена Україна?

6. Коли Україна почала будувати свою законодавчу систему?

7. Розкажiть про населення України.

8. Яка офiцiйна мова України?

3. Fill in the necessary prepositions.

out, by, on, in, through, along, of

1. The city lies ____ north-central Ukraine ____ the Dnieper River.

2. The central Kyiv is on а high cliff ____, the western bank of the Dnieper.

3. When we take а bus ride ... Kreshchatyk we are impressed ____ its beauty.

4. This monument was built ____ the site of the 1036 battle.

5. Leaving St. Sophia Cathedral ____ the gateway one comes ____ into Sophiyivska square.

6. ____ the 1100s Kyiv was one of European’s greatest centers of commerce and culture.

7. There are many other places ____ interest in it.

4. Put words in the correct order. Add some words if necessary. The City of Odesa

1. special, true, on, coast, Black, this, is, а, very, gem, city, the, sea.

2. 1794, 1795, name, in, founded, current, received, it, its.

3. seaport, is, large, Odesa, as, also, а, known.

4. outskirt, located, the, in, city, well-known, resorts, and, balneological.

5. regional, administrative, a(n), it, is, now, centre.

6. 1,060,000, people, thousand, population, its.

7. known, is, Odesa, as, the, port, Іlichivsk, ferry, line, linking, Varna.

5. Render this text in English.

В історичній літературі існує чимало версій походження слова “козак”. Один із польських дослідників виводив це найменування від легендарного ватажка, що в давні часи успішно боровся з татарами. Звали його буцімто Козак. Інший, теж польський учений, пояснював походження цього слова від “коза”. Були версії, згідно з якими козаки – не українці, а нащадки відомих у часи Київської Русі войовничих племен хазарів. Турецькою мовою слово “козак” означає волоцюга, забіяка, розбійник. Очевидно, саме звідти воно й прийшло в Україну. Певно, не самі придумали собі наймення захисники нашого краю, а одержали його від ворога, і воно тут прижилося, зовсім утративши негативний відтінок. Бо козак в Україні став синонімом лицарської доблесті й шляхетності.

BLOCK III

1. Read the text and do the tasks that follow.

Early days. Human beings have lived in the region of Ukraine for about 300,000 years. One of the earliest cultures was that of the Trypillians, who lived in southwestern Ukraine from about 4000 to 200 B.C. The Trypillians grew crops for а living, decorated pottery and made drills for boring holes in wood and stone.

By about 1500 B.C., nomadic herders occupied the region. They included а warlike, horse-riding people called the Cimmerians. The Scythians, a people from central Asia, conquered the Cimmerians about 700 B.C. Between 700 and 600 B.C., Greeks started to set up colonies on the northern coast of the Black Sea. But the Scythians controlled most of the region until about 200 B.C., when they fell to а group called the Sarmatians. The region was invaded by Germanic tribes from the west in A.D. 270 and by the Huns, an Asian people, in 375.

Kyivan Rus. During the A.D. 800s, а Slavic civilization called Rus grew up at Kyip and at other points along river routes between the Baltic Sea and the Black Sea. Kyiv became the first of the East Slavic states and was known as Kyivan Rus. Scandinavian merchant-warriors called Varangians (also known as Vikings) played а part in organizing the East Slavic tribes into Kyivan Rus. Oleg, а Varangian, became its first ruler in 882. During the 900s, other states recognized Kyiv’s leadership. Vladimir I (Volodymyr in Ukrainian), the ruler of the Russian city of Novhorod, conquered Kyivan Rus in 980. Before the East slays became Christians, they had worshipped idols and nature spirits. In 1240 Mongol tribes known as Tatars swept across the Ukrainians plains from the east and conquered the region.

Halych-Volyn Rus. After the fall of Kyivan Rus the principalities of Halych and Volodymyr – Volynsky grew and prospered in Western Ukraine. In 1199, they were united by Prince Roman Mstyslavovych, а gifted military leader. Thus the ethnically homogenous Halych - Volyn Principality was created. Prince Roman curbed the arbitrary rule of the local secular and church feudals, and did his best to establish good order in his domain.

Prince Daniel (Danylo) of Halych (1228-1264), his successor, continued his father’s work, further strengthening his state. Не defended his independence against the Hungarians, Teutonic knights and Tatars. Не was а subtle and cautious diplomat in dealing with Western Europe and the Golden Horde, and he promoted culture and developed the new cities of Lviv and Kholm.

After the death of last Prince, Yuri II (1340), this state also fell apart. Polish King Casimir seized Lviv, the capital of Halychyna. In 1387, Halychyna was incorporated into the Polish Kingdom. In the mid-fourteenth century the Eastern Ukrainian territories fell to Lithuania (Kyiv followed suit in 1362).

With the Union of Lublin (1569) the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania were joined in а single Commonwealth in which Poland was dominant and Lithuania’s Ukrainian territories were transferred to Poland. The long period of struggle of the Ukrainian people for their national and social liberation began.

a) Find adjectives to each of the following nouns from the text. Translate these word combinations.

pottery; principality;

herders; feudals;

people; diplomat;

tribes; liberation.

Commonwealth;

b) Match the questions with the answers.

1. How long have human beings lived in the region of Ukraine?	A. During the A.D. 800s, а Slavic civilization called Rus grew up at Kyiv between the Baltic sea and the Black sea.
2. What was one of the earliest cultures?	B.Vladimir I, the ruler of Novhorod, conquered Kyivan Rus in 980.
3. Who were Scythians?	C. It was when Poland and Lithuania were joined in а single Commonwealth.
4.When did a Slavic civilization grow up?	D. Trypillians lived in southwestern Ukraine from about 4000 to 200 ВС.
5.What did Vikings do?	E. Не promoted culture and developed the new cities of Lviv and Kho1m.
6.Who conquered Kyivan Rus in 980?	F. People from central Asia, conquered the Cimmerians about 700 ВС.
7.What happened in 988?	G.Halychyna was incorporated into the Polish Kingdom.
8. What did Daniel of Halych dо?	H. Vladimir became а Christian and made Christianity the state religion.
9. What happened in 1387?	I.They have lived in the region of Ukraine for about 300.000 years.
10. When did the long period of struggle of the Ukrainian people for their national and social liberation begin?	J. Scandinavian merchant-warriors called Varangians played а part in organizing East-Slavic tribes into Kyivan Rus.

с) Fill in the missing words in а proper form.

recognize, defend, incorporate, join in, deal with, invade, occupy

1. The region was __________ by Germanic tribes.

2. During the 900s other states __________ Kyiv’s leadership.

3. By about 1500 BC, normadic herders ____________ the region.

4. Prince Daniel __________ his independence against the Hungarians.

5. Не was very diplomatic in ____________ Western Europe and Golden Horde.

6. In 1387, Halychyna was ___________ into the Polish Kingdom.

7. With the Union of Lublin the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania were __________ а single Commonwealth.

d) Complete the following sentences using the required information from the above text. Add some pieces of new information to each of the sentences.

1. The Trypillians grew crops for _________.

2. After the fall of Kyivan Rus the principalities of Halych and Volodymyr - Volynsky grew _________.

З. Prince Roman curbed the arbitrary rule of the local secular and church feudals, and ________ .

4. During the AD 800s, а Slavic civilization called Rus grew up at Kyiv and ___________ .

5. With the Union of Lublin ________.

6. In 980 Volodymyr I, the ruler of the Russian city of Novhorod _________.

BLOCK IV

Topics for discussion and essays.

1. If asked about the typical features of the Ukrainians, what peculiarities would you choose?

2. Patriotism and nationalism – difference between the notions.

3. You are having a foreign guest. Choose 5 places of the country to show to him / her.

4. The history and the reasons of constant Ukrainian struggle for freedom.

5. Outstanding people of Ukraine.

6. Name and describe 5 things / achievements of Ukrainians to be proud of.

7. Compare the maps of the Kievan Rus in the 11^th century and the present day Ukraine, speak on its geographical position, neighbors, etc.

During the Golden Age of Kiev, the lands of Rus’ covered modern western Ukraine, Belarus, and western Russia. But it did not include modern central, eastern, and southern Ukraine, which were inhabited by nomads and had a different history.

LESSON 20

English-Speaking Countries (English Language Variations)

No language, no country.

Language is the dress of thought.

Language is the pedigree of nation.

The more languages you know, the more you are a person.

A country without a language is a country without a soul.

Knowledge of languages is the doorway to wisdom.

English is the perfect language for preachers because it allows you to talk until you think of what to say (Garrison Keillor)