1. Comprehension questions.

1. How was Old English speech brought to England?

2. Who inhabited England when the Anglo-Saxon tribes invaded it?

3. What were the nearest relations of Old English?

4. How can you explain high standards of the Celtic civilization at during the Anglo-Saxon invasion?

5. Why did the language acquire the name of English?

6. In what respect did the Danish invasion differ from that of the Angles and Saxons? What was the linguistic effect of this invasion?

7. What was the role of the kingdom of Wessex in the development of the English language?

8. How did the Norman Conquest affect the language?

9. What new means of expression were used to make up for the loss of inflexions?

10. What are the three main periods in the development of the English language?

2. Find English equivalents in the text for the following Ukrainian word combinations. язичницькі племена; освічені прошарки населення; місцевий діалект; пліч-о-пліч; засоби вираження; порушувати традиції; швидко; декілька століть; без особливих зусиль; насолоджуватися культурою Римської імперії; змішані діалекти. 3. Find Ukrainian equivalents for the following attributive combinations. rapid movement; rapid progress; rapid steps; a rapid river; a rapid thinker. utter failure; utter ignorance; utter ruin; an utter stranger; an utter mistake. standard size; standard amount; standard weight; standard quality; a standard book. modern language; modern history; modern times; modern music; a modern painter; modern clothes; modern furniture.

4. Paraphrase the parts of the sentences in bold type using words and word combinations from the text. Change the new sentences if it is required.

1. The English language has come to be used in a large portion of the world.

2. When the Anglo-Saxon forefathers of the English nation came to England to make their home there they found a more advanced people than themselves living on the island.

3. A large part of English vocabulary is of the Latin origin.

4. Literature and scholarship developed rapidly in the North.

5. The language of the Danes could be understood by the Angles and the Saxons rather easily.

6. King Alfred encouraged learning.

TOPICAL VOCABULARY

1. General		1. Загальна лексика
native language (mother tongue) / foreign language / international language / lingua franca / artificial language		рідна мова / іноземна мова / міжнародна мова / мова спілкування людей різних країн / штучна мова
English-speaking country		англомовна країна
to study(ied) / to learn(ed / t) / to teach (taught; taught) / to learn by heart / to learn by rote (to cram)		вивчати / вчити / навчати / вчити напам’ять / зубрити
native speaker		носій мови
knowledge / thorough knowledge (good command) of English		знання / добре володіння англійською мовою
to speak poor English (German) / to speak broken English		погано розмовляти англійською (німецькою) мовою / розмовляти ламаною англійською
experience / skill / success / successful /		досвід/уміння / успіх / успішний
vowel / consonant / letter /syllable		голосний / приголосний / буква (літера) / склад
to master(ed) the language		вивчити мову / оволодіти мовою
vocabulary / lexical		лексика / лексичний
grammar / grammatical rule		граматика / граматичне правило
pronunciation / accent / foreign accent		вимова / іноземний акцент
transcription		транскрипція, транскрибування
fixed / direct word order		фіксований / прямий порядок слів
means of communication		засіб спілкування
scientific approach		науковий підхід
to read (read; read) in the original / in translation		читати в оригіналі / у перекладі
to write (wrote; written) out / to write down (to put down)		виписувати / записувати
peculiarity		особливість
to translate(d) / to interpret(ed) / to translate with a dictionary / translator (interpreter)		перекладати письмово / перекладати усно / перекладати зі словником/ перекладач
word-to-word translation / literary translation		дослівний переклад / літературний переклад
meaning / to mean (meant; meant)		значення / означати
to do (did; done) one’s best		робити все можливе
to be of great importance		мати важливе значення
as quick as possible		якомога швидше
to say (said; said) to / to tell (told; told) / to speak (spoke; spoken) with / to talk(ed) to		сказати (комусь) / розповідати / розмовляти
to speak fluently / slowly / in low voice / loudly		розмовляти вільно (швидко) / повільно / тихо / голосно
Say it again, please. / Repeat it, please. / Come again?		Повторіть це, будь ласка. / Що-що? (розм.)
I don’t understand you.		Я Вас не розумію.
to lack(ed) practice		бракувати (відчувати брак) практики
to compare(d) the results		порівняти результати
to influence(d) the development		впливати на розвиток
scientific and technical journals		наукові й технічні журнали
weak / strong points		слабкі / сильні сторони
2. The List of some English Language Derivations.
admiral, algebra, mattress	Arabic
mosquito, cigar, canyon	Spanish
piano, violin, spaghetti	Italian
yacht, boss, deck	Dutch
pyjamas, shampoo, bungalow	Hindi
yogurt, kiosk	Turkish
tycoon, karate	Japanese
bamboo, compound	Malay
tomato, chocolate	Aztec
coca, quinine	Inca
coach, paprika	Hungarian
theatre, astronomy, logic	Classic Greek
whisky	Gaelic
vodka, sputnik	Russian
sauna	Finnish
tea, silk	Chinese
marmalade	Portuguese
robot	Czech
kangaroo, boomerang	Australian Aborigine
rendezvous, cafe	Modern French
kindergarten	Modern German
3. Languages of the World
Country	Nationality			Language
Germany	German			German
France	French			French
Italy	Italian			Italian
Spain	Spanish			Spanish
Britain	British			English
Portugal	Portuguese			Portuguese
Japan	Japanese			Japanese
Korea	Korean			Korean
China	Chinese			Mandarin (Cantonese)
Australia	Australian			English
The United States of America	American			English
Saudi Arabia	Saudi Arabian			Arabic
Brazil	Brazilian			Portuguese
Sweden	Swedish			Swedish
Switzerland	Swiss			Swiss-German, French, Italian
Egypt	Egyptian			Arabic
Holland	Dutch			Dutch
Mexico	Mexican			Spanish
Russia	Russian			Russian
Ukraine	Ukrainian			Ukrainian
Israel	Israeli			Hebrew
Greece	Greek			Greek
Turkey	Turkish			Turkish
Argentina	Argentinian			Spanish

Note:

When you are talking about people in general from a particular country, there are some nationalities that you can make plural with an ‘s’, but others can only be formed with the definite article (and no plural ‘s’):

Brazilians	the British
Germans	the French
(the) Italians	the Swiss
Russians	the Dutch
Israelis	the Japanese

• With both groups you can also use the word ‘people’: British people, German people, etc.

• When you talk about one person from these countries, you need to add woman / man / person to the group on the right: a Brazilian but a Japanese person, a German but a Swiss person, etc.