- •Колесник д. М., Куроченко ю. С.,
- •A word to the reader
- •Передмова
- •Introductory phonetic-orthoepic course
- •Introduction
- •Introductory text*
- •Vocabualary practice
- •1. We use certain expressions in different social situations.
- •2. Fill in the blanks with the necessary words in brackets.
- •3. Complete the following sentences.
- •4. Translate into English.
- •5. Match the sentences with the correct photos. The first was done for you.
- •1. Address the following people.
- •2. Insert a suitable form of address.
- •3. Fill in prepositions or adverbs where necessary.
- •1. Read the following dialogues.
- •2. Complete the conversations with the correct expressions.
- •3. Make up your own dialogues with the following word combinations.
- •4. Translate the following dialogues into English.
- •Introductory text
- •1. Comprehension questions.
- •2. Find in the text English equivalents to the following.
- •Vocabualary practice
- •3. Match the story with the correct words.
- •4. Translate into English.
- •1. Read the following dialogues.
- •2. Find the logical order of the following dialogue parts.
- •3. Translate the anecdotes into English.
- •Horoscope Chart
- •Introductory text
- •1. Comprehension questions.
- •2. Find in the text English equivalents to the following.
- •Vocabualary practice
- •1. Fill in the gaps with prepositions.
- •2. Complete the sentences with the suitable words. More than one answer is possible.
- •3. Complete the sentences with the correct words.
- •4. From these jumbled words, find combinations to describe people, as in the example. Some of the combinations are hyphenated. Use a dictionary if necessary.
- •1. You want to know about the following: someone’s general appearance / their height / their weight.
- •2. How would you describe a person in each of these cases?
- •3. Agree or disagree with the following statements.
- •4. Study the article and do the following activities.
- •Does Mother Nature Know Better?
- •Introductory text
- •1. Comprehension questions.
- •2. Find in the text English equivalents to the following.
- •Vocabualary practice
- •3. Read the following dialogue. An Apartment to Let
- •4. Act as interpreter, translate Ukrainian lines into English. Examining an Apartment
- •1. Imagine you’ve just moved into a new flat, and for the first six months you can only have six of the following. Which would you choose?
- •2. Study the advertisements and find the following.
- •Introductory text
- •Everything about Time
- •1. Comprehension questions.
- •2. Choose the correct answer.
- •Vocabualary practice
- •2. Tell what’s the time:
- •3. Read the following dialogues.
- •4. Complete the dialogue.
- •1. Can you complete these sentences with the correct number?
- •2. Read the poem and tell what happened to Solomon Grundy during a week.
- •4. Speak about yourself and your country completing these sentences.
- •5. Read the joke and say how you personally appreciate time.
- •Introductory text
- •Vocabualary practice
- •Identify weather conditions in these pictures.
- •2. What disaster is being described in each of these sentences?
- •1. Say the following in one word.
- •Seasonal Affective Disorder
- •Introductory text
- •Natural Destruction
- •Vocabualary practice
- •Bank, resources, global, tropical, acid, ozone, industrial, car exhaust
- •If we want to look after the environment, there are certain things we should and shouldn’t do. Complete these two lists in suitable ways.
- •Survive, extinct, green, countryside, endangered, fumes, pollution, farmland
- •Improving Zoos
- •It’s Getting Hotter
- •Rethink Rubbish
- •An Ant’s Eye View
- •Introductory text
- •Telegraph and Telephone
- •1. Comprehension questions.
- •2. Find in the text English equivalents to the following.
- •3. Find the synonyms to the following words.
- •4. Make the annotation of the text, completing the following sentences.
- •Vocabulary practice
- •People – the great communicators
- •1. Read the following dialogue.
- •2. Find the logical order of the following dialogue parts.
- •3. Fill the gaps in these phone conversations with suitable words or phrases.
- •1. Study the information and express your ideas.
- •Basic Cell Phone Etiquette
- •2. Add other advantages and disadvantages of using mobile phone from your own experience.
- •Modern means of communication
- •4. Read the article and tell if there should be adopted restrictions on cell phone use in our country.
- •5. What do you think about the following statement?
- •Internet Craze
- •Introductory text
- •Our Lives and Computer Technology
- •1. Find in the text English equivalents to the following.
- •2. Complete the following sentences.
- •Vocabulary practice
- •1. Add another word, abbreviation, or part of a word, to complete common ‘computer’ words and phrases.
- •2. Can you remember what these symbols mean?
- •3. Complete the text with the words in the box.
- •4. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •5. Read, smile and find in the Internet similar computer jokes either in English or in Ukrainian.
- •1. Read the following dialogue. Hooking Up My Computer
- •2. Read the dialogue and fill in the missing words. The first letter of each missing word is given.
- •3. Computers have many applications in a great variety of fields.
- •4. Study the information and express your ideas on the topic. Computer Effects on Human Health
- •1. Read the text and do the following tasks.
- •Computer – a Miraculous Device
- •2. Study the article and answer the questions.
- •Do Computers Rule Our Lives?
- •3. In small groups, choose one of the areas in the diagram below and discuss what computers can do in this area.
- •4. Mini-project.
- •Help Box
- •Introductory text
- •Juvenile Crime
- •Decide whether the following statements about the text are true or false.
- •Vocabulary practice
- •Perceptions of youth and adulthood
- •Break, hear, come, leave, go Teenage Party Ends in Tears
- •1. Read the following dialogue. The Generation Gap: Myth or Reality?
- •2. What is your opinion of the following statements? Agree or disagree.
- •4. Read the text and do the activities that follow. Coping With Stress
- •1. Read the text and express your ideas on the offered questions.
- •2. Study the information about youth subcultures and tell…
- •3. Write a paragraph to fit this newspaper headline. Give some details about the crime and the court case using topical vocabulary.
- •Introductory text
- •The Best Shopping Street in the World
- •1. Comprehension questions.
- •2. Find in the text English equivalents to the following.
- •Vocabulary practice
- •3. Match up the shop (departments) with the appropriate goods. Give answers in the box.
- •4. Say the same in one word or a phrase.
- •5. Fill in the blank with the corresponding words.
- •6. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •1. Read the following dialogue.
- •2. Find the logical order of the following dialogue parts.
- •3. Complete these lines from the conversations.
- •4. Explain clothing idioms and find equivalents in your native language. Use them in the sentences of your own.
- •5. Comparing shopping.
- •1. Read the text and check your ideas. Understanding the Information on the Label
- •2. Read the text and do the activities that follow. The best places to go shopping in the world, and how to pick up a bargain when you get there
- •4. Do the shopping crossword and check how easy it is.
- •Introductory text
- •1. Comprehension questions.
- •2. Find in the text English equivalents to the following.
- •Vocabulary practice
- •Ukrainian Cuisine
- •Things go better with Coca-Cola
- •To make, to become, to grow, to eat, to open (2), to call, to prefer, to give, to buy History of the Hamburger
- •Introductory text
- •Vocabualary practice
- •2. Which symptoms indicate these diseases?
- •3. Complete the sentences using the correct form of the words.
- •4. Match the words on the left to their definitions on the right.
- •5. What advice does the doctor give?
- •6. Translate the sentences into English.
- •1. Read the following dialogues.
- •2. Complete the following dialogue with the appropriate words from the box.
- •3. Below is step-to-step guide to artificial respiration. Put the jumbled sentences in the right order by numbering them (1 – 7). The Kiss of Life
- •4. Put the words into the gaps in the text.
- •5. Put the correct words from the table below in the above article.
- •6. Read the article; state whether the sentences given after it true (t) or false (f).
- •Chocolate is Good for Your Health
- •2. Study the article and discuss the following:
- •Cleopatra’s Eye Make-Up Had Health Benefits
- •3. Read the article about eating disorders and tell whether you agree / disagree with the following statements:
- •Introductory text
- •The Use of Leisure
- •Vocabualary practice
- •4. Organize these words and put them in the correct columns below.
- •Valuable, afford, traditional, weird, video arcades, rhythm
- •Music Festivals
- •American County Fairs
- •Introductory text
- •Vocabualary practice
- •1. Match the words and word combinations from the left column with the definitions from the right column.
- •2. Find the ‘odd one out’. There may be more than one answer. Give your reasons.
- •3. Read the text. Use the word given in brackets changing its form as in the example.
- •4. Read the sayings of famous people about art and decide which definition appeals to you most. You may choose several sayings to complete your own definition.
- •5. Read the following dialogue and discuss the after-dialogue questions.
- •1. Read the lines of a comic vaudeville ‘Romantic Fools’ by Rich Orloff.
- •2. What word or phrase is being defined?
- •3. Fill in the blanks below with the words in the box.
- •Blockbusters
- •4. Study the inside structure of a theatre. Which seats are the most prestigious / convenient / cheap / expensive?
- •5. Write out music styles mentioned in the text. Think of other styles, give their definition or description.
- •6. Translate into English.
- •American Graffiti
- •What’s the Point?
- •In the town (Directions, Street Notices)
- •Introductory text
- •Car Driving and Traffic Regulations
- •Vocabualary practice
- •1. Make up the words out of the given letters.
- •2. Find the topic-connected words among jumbled letters in the box.
- •3. Match the words or word combinations with their definitions.
- •4. Match the sign with the correct word below.
- •5. Choose a proper word from the box to complete the sentences.
- •School zone, pedestrian, one way, speed limit, yield, railroad tracks, left turn, u-turn, tollbooth, stop, enter, right turn, median, exit, speed limit
- •6. Translate into English.
- •1. Read the following dialogues.
- •2. Fill in the gaps of the text using the words in right-hand column.
- •3. You are at point X in the map. Follow the directions and write the name of the place next to each sentence.
- •1. Read the text and do the activities that follow. New York City Cab Driver
- •2. Read the text about the underground system in London, divide it into logical parts, entitle them. London Tube
- •Introductory text
- •Vocabualary practice
- •Carriage, resort, destination, arrival, cruise, brochure, cabin, platform
- •British Holidaymakers
- •Ellen Macarthur
- •A Safe Trip Abroad
- •Introductory text
- •1. Comprehension questions.
- •2. Complete the following sentences using the text information.
- •Vocabualary practice
- •3. Find the ‘odd one out’. There may be more than one answer. Give your reasons.
- •Advance, bunk beds, dormitory, double room, family room, key, reception, single room, twin room, vacancies
- •1. Read the following dialogues.
- •Bill, bottle, dessert, drinks, fish and chips, hungry, menu, non-smoker, order, table
- •3. Translate the following dialogues into English.
- •4. Translate into English.
- •5. Translate the words in brackets in the correct tense form. Real Personal Service
- •1. Read the text and find examples of historical hotels in your own country. Hotel History. Inn
- •2. What would you say in these situations?
- •3. Disagree with the statements avoiding simple negations.
- •4. Lest we forget how difficult it is to master the English language, consider these travel and hotel signs from around the world. Try to say them correctly.
- •Introductory text
- •1. Comprehension questions.
- •2. Choose one suitable word underlined in each sentence.
- •Vocabualary practice
- •1. Match the words and word combinations from the left column with the definitions from the right column.
- •2. Choose the correct variant.
- •3. Choose the correct response out of two. If both responses are acceptable, choose the one that sounds more natural.
- •4. Read the text. Use the word given in brackets changing its form as in the example.
- •5. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •2. Read the text, putting the verbs in the proper tense form.
- •3. Work in pairs. Make up the dialogues on the following situations:
- •4. Guess what holidays (American, Ukrainian and British) are described in the following sentences. The answers are given below.
- •Halloween: Holiday of the Dead
- •Introductory text
- •1. Comprehension questions.
- •2. Complete the sentences.
- •Vocabualary practice
- •2. Read the text. Use the word given in brackets changing its form as in the example.
- •3. Choose the correct variant to complete the sentences.
- •4. Match the halves of the sentence.
- •5. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •1. Read the following dialogues.
- •2. Translate these questions into English and answer them.
- •4. Put words in the correct order. Add some words if necessary. The City of Odesa
- •5. Render this text in English.
- •1. Read the text and do the tasks that follow.
- •Introductory text
- •1. Comprehension questions.
- •4. Paraphrase the parts of the sentences in bold type using words and word combinations from the text. Change the new sentences if it is required.
- •Vocabualary practice
- •3. Find the ‘odd one out’. There may be more than one answer. Give your reasons.
- •4. What do you think a good language learner does? Make up as many sentences as possible with the phrase given in the table.
- •5. Match the words and word combinations with their explanation.
- •6. Fill in the blanks with prepositions where required.
- •1. Read the following dialogue.
- •2. Answer the following questions.
- •3. Decide which answer – a, b, c or d – best fits each space and read the story given below. Experience in Learning a Foreign Language
- •The English-Speaking World
- •Канадський варіант англійської мови.
- •How the Americans Speak English
- •Introductory text
- •1. Comprehension questions.
- •2. Choose the correct answer.
- •Vocabualary practice
- •2. There are 15 words in this word square that are connected with money. Find 14 more by looking across or down the word square.
- •3. What can you say in these situations? Complete the sentences but don’t use the underlined words and phrases.
- •4. Choose the most suitable word or phrase to complete each sentence.
- •5. Match the words and word combinations from the left column with the definitions from the right column.
- •6. Choose one suitable word underlined in each sentence.
- •1. Read the following dialogues.
- •2. Choose the most suitable response to each sentence (a-I) from the sentences (1-9).
- •3. Translate the sentences into English.
- •4. Read the text. Use the word given in brackets changing its form as in the example.
- •5. Read the conversations below and guess the meanings of the phrases in bold. Match them with the definitions after the dialogues.
- •1. Read the text and do the tasks given after it. Making a Million
- •2. Read and explain the following quotations.
- •Introductory text
- •1. Comprehension questions.
- •2. Find in the text English equivalents to the following words and phrases.
- •Vocabualary practice
- •2. Translate the words given in brackets.
- •3. Read the text. Use the word given in brackets changing its form as in the example.
- •4. Choose the correct word in each sentence.
- •5. Choose the correct option.
- •6. Translate the following sentences.
- •4. Read the dialogues.
- •5. What would you say if you took part in these dialogues?
- •6. Translate the dialogues into English.
- •1. Study the following information carefully and give answers to the questions.
- •3. Read the sample of application form. What is the difference between application form and resume? Try to fill in the following:
- •Family relations
- •Appearance and Character
- •Dwelling and its Types
- •Time and Dates
- •Natural Phenomena in Weather and Seasons
- •Global Environmental Problems
- •Modern Means of Communication
- •Computer in Our Life
- •Youth Problems
- •Shops and Shopping
- •Food and Meals
- •Leisure Time
- •In the town
- •Traveling and Going through Customs
- •Home and Foreign Holidays and Traditions
- •Ukraine
- •English-speaking countries
- •Money, Currency, Finance
- •Job Hunting
- •Interrogative Pronouns (Питальні займенники)
- •Indefinite Pronouns (Неозначені займенники)
- •Verb. Auxiliary Verbs to be, to have, to do
- •Indefinite Group of Tenses
- •To VII (ed) / to be – was, were
- •Infinitive
- •1. Insert articles a / an, the where possible.
- •2. Complete the sentences using a / an, the where necessary.
- •3. Supply a / an, the where possible.
- •4. Choose the correct answer, pay attention on the usage of a definite article.
- •5. Translate into English.
- •Food fit for a king!
- •1. Make the following nouns plural.
- •2.Choose the correct verb is / are. Mind the noun (singular or plural).
- •3. Make selected nouns plural. Don’t forget to make other changes in the sentences.
- •4. Choose the correct word in brackets.
- •5. Choose the correct form of the compound noun.
- •6. Write selected nouns singular. Make changes in the sentence where necessary.
- •7. Correct the mistakes in these sentences.
- •8. Rewrite these sentences using ‘s, s’, or just an apostrophe (‘).
- •9. Translate into English.
- •10*. Supply the correct plural forms.
- •2. Fill in the missing words into the gaps. Mind the first two words in each task.
- •4. Complete the sentences.
- •5. Decide which one is right. If wrong correct it.
- •6. Rewrite the sentences using the italicized words.
- •7. Supply as…as, not so…as, less.
- •8. Read the conversation with Todd. He compares the places he visited last year. Can you complete any of the sentences?
- •9. Translate into English.
- •10*. Put in the right forms. Alternatives are possible.
- •1. Use the correct personal pronouns. Watch the words in brackets. Model: ___ often reads books. (Lisa) – She often reads books.
- •2. Put in my / our / your / his / her / their / its.
- •3. Choose the right word.
- •4. Put in the relative pronouns who, which or whose where necessary. Model: Peter is the boy ____ rides the blue bike. – Peter is the boy who rides the blue bike.
- •5. Supply anybody / anyone, nothing, anything, nobody / no one, somebody / someone or something in these sentences.
- •6. Translate into English.
- •7*. Put in reflexive pronouns (ourselves, etc.) or object pronouns (us, etc.). Keep smiling
- •Verbs to be, to have, to do
- •1. Put in the following forms of to be (am, are, is) into the gaps in the text.
- •2. Supply am, is, are, was, were or weren’t.
- •3. Decide which tense / number of the expression there is / are fits in the sentence below.
- •5. Look at the underlined forms of have, has or had in the following sentences. Decide whether these verbs are auxiliary verbs or main verbs.
- •6. Complete the following sentences by using the right form of to have (have, has, had).
- •7. Define the meaning of the verb “to do” in the following sentences.
- •8. Complete the following sentences by using the right form of to do (do, don’t, does, doesn’t, did, didn’t, done).
- •Indefinite group
- •1. Replace the infinitive in brackets by the Present Indefinite Tense (I do).
- •2. Choose the correct verb in each sentence.
- •4. Put the words in these questions in correct order. Then, write short answers.
- •5. Translate into English.
- •1. Complete these sentences. Use the verbs from the box in Past Indefinite.
- •Clean, die, enjoy, finish, happen, live, open, play, rain, smoke, start, stay, want, watch
- •2. Supply the past forms of the irregular verbs in italics.
- •5. Correct the following sentences.
- •1. Put the following sentences in the Future Indefinite Tense.
- •2. Insert the missing conjunctions in the following sentences. Use conjunctions: when, till, before, after, as soon as, while, if.
- •4. Complete the sentences. Use I think I’ll … or I don’t think I’ll and one of the following verbs: buy, go, have, play.
- •6. Translate into English.
- •7. Put down five types of questions to the following sentences.
- •1. Open the brackets using Present Continuous (I’m doing).
- •2. Translate the words given in brackets using Present Continuous.
- •3. Use the verbs given in brackets in Present Indefinite (I do) / Present Continuous (I’m doing).
- •4. Complete the sentences with Present Indefinite (I do) / Present Continuous (I’m doing) forms of the following verbs.
- •Belong, need, see, take, bite, play, shine, understand, drive, prefer, sing, watch, look, rain, snow, write
- •1. Use Past Continuous (I was doing) in the sentences below.
- •2. Complete the sentences in a choosing the most suitable phrase from b.
- •3. Make sentences from the words in brackets. Put the verbs into correct form: Past Indefinite (I did) / Past Continuous (I was doing).
- •4. Complete the sentences using Past Continuous of the verbs in the box.
- •Answer, begin, climb, count, drive, eat, look, melt, sign, stand, walk
- •5. Thanslate the following sentences.
- •6*. Put in Past Indefinite (I did) / Past Continuous (I was doing). Note where both forms are possible.
- •1. Open the brackets using Future Continuous (I will be doing).
- •2. Supply Future Indefinite (I will do) / Future Continuous (I will be doing).
- •3. Use Past Continuous (I was doing) / Future Continuous (I will be doing) in the following sentences.
- •4. Translate the following sentences.
- •To break, to buy, to finish, to do, to go (2), to lose, to paint, to read, to take
- •6*. Put in the correct forms of have / have got.
- •2. Join these pairs of sentences, using the conjunctions in brackets. Change one verb into the Past Perfect (I had done).
- •3. Supply the Past Perfect (I had done) / Past Simple (I did).
- •4. Open the brackets using the verbs in Past Simple (I did) / Past Continuous (I was doing) / Past Perfect (I had done)
- •5. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •6. Make up five types of questions to the following sentences.
- •7*. Open the brackets using Past Simple (I did) / Past Perfect (I had done) a Happy Patient
- •3. Using the words in brackets, complete the text below with the Future Simple (I will do) / Future Perfect (I will have done)
- •4. First, read Jack’s itinerary for tomorrow. Then, for each sentence, choose either Future Continuous (I will be doing) or Future Perfect (I will have done) to complete it.
- •5*. Put in the Future Simple (I will do) / Future Continuous (I will be doing) / Future Perfect (I will have done). Flying Junk
- •Insert ‘have’ / ‘has’ according to the person given.
- •8*. Put in the Present Perfect (I have done) / Present Perfect Continuous (I have been doing) / Past Simple (I did). The Australian Salute
- •5*. Put in the Past Perfect (I had done) / Past Perfect Continuous (I had been doing) / Past Simple (I did). Give alternatives where possible. Cooking the Books?
- •1. Write passive sentences in Present, Past, Future Simple.
- •2. Rewrite the sentences in Passive Voice.
- •3. Rewrite the sentences in the proper tenses in Passive.
- •4. Put the verbs in brackets into Past Indefinite or Past Continuous Passive.
- •5. When were these famous people born? Choose the right year for each person.
- •6. Complete the sentences using being with one of these verbs: keep, pay, attack, give, invite, use, ask
- •7. Give the following sentences in Passive Voice.
- •8. Rewrite the sentences in Active Voice.
- •9. Translate into English using the verbs in Passive.
- •10*. Put in the correct forms, active or passive, of the verbs in brackets. How the other half lives
- •1. Choose the correct word from those in brackets to fill the blank in each sentence.
- •2. Fill in the table reporting the statements with said (except 13) moving the clauses ‘one tense back’.
- •3. Turn each direct-speech statements into indirect speech with tense changes. Just what the doctor ordered!
- •4. Report these Yes / No questions moving the clauses ‘one tense back’.
- •5. Report these special questions moving the clauses ‘one tense back’.
- •6. Report these subject-questions moving the clauses ‘one tense back’ only where necessary.
- •7. Report the following statements using indirect commands.
- •I told him to wait for me.
- •8. Renew direct speech in the following sentences.
- •9. Translate the sentences following the rules of Sequence of Tenses.
- •10*. Put in the correct forms and tenses into the gaps. Burning the candles at both ends
- •1. Supply the correct forms of the missing verbs.
- •2. Change these sentences to begin with an imperative.
- •3. Write Type 2 Conditionals to match these situations.
- •If I had a spare ticket, I could / would take you to the concert.
- •4. Write sentences with I wish…
- •5. Comment on the following situations with if (expressing regret, etc.).
- •If John hadn’t eaten too / so much birthday cake, he wouldn’t have been sick.
- •6. Use Mixed Conditionals in these sentences.
- •7. Open brackets using Zero Conditional.
- •8. Translate into English using Conditionals.
- •9*. Put in the right Conditionals. The secret of a long life
- •Infinitive
- •1. Translate and memorize the following expressions.
- •2. State the form and the function of the Infinitive. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
- •3. Use the appropriate form of the Infinitive.
- •4. Insert to where necessary.
- •5. Combine each of the following parts of sentences into one sentence using an Infinitive.
- •6. Complete the following sentences by adding the Infinitive to each sentence.
- •7. Insert the correct forms of the verbs given in brackets after ‘would rather’ and ‘would sooner’.
- •8. Translate the sentences into English using the Infinitive.
- •9*. Put in the correct forms of the verbs. One Cube or Two?
- •Insert to where necessary.
- •1. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian, paying special attention to the use of the Complex Object.
- •2. Insert to where necessary.
- •3. Replace the following complex sentences or groups of sentences by simple sentences with the Complex Object.
- •I saw him cross the street
- •4. Fill in the blanks with suitable verbs. Give several variants where possible.
- •6. Translate the sentences into English using the Complex Object.
- •1. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the Complex Subject.
- •2. Open the brackets using the correct form of the Infinitive.
- •3. Translate the words in brackets.
- •3. Paraphrase the following sentences using the Complex Subject.
- •4. Transform the following sentences using the Complex Subject. Use the verbs given in brackets.
- •5. Translate the sentence into English using the Complex Subject.
- •1. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian paying special attention to the form and function of the Participle in the sentence.
- •2. Open the brackets using the correct form of the Participle. Don’t mix these forms.
- •3. Translate the following expressions.
- •4. Transform the following sentences according to the model.
- •5. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms from the right column.
- •6. Complete the sentences, using the Participle.
- •7. Open the brackets. Use the appropriate forms of the Participle or of the Infinitive.
- •8. Translate the sentences into English using the Participle.
- •9*. Put in the correct forms of the infinitive or –ing.
- •This Way! That Way!
- •Insert the right form of the Participle into the blank space.
- •1. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian paying special attention to the use of the Gerund.
- •2. Fill in the blanks with prepositions where necessary
- •3. Match the parts of sentences in two columns.
- •4. Complete the sentences by translating what is given in brackets using the Gerund. Insert prepositions where necessary.
- •5. Translate the sentences into English using the Gerund.
- •6. Put the verbs into the correct form (Gerund or Infinitive).
- •7. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form (Gerund or Infinitive).
- •1. Supply can, may, must and their negative forms (can’t / may not / mustn’t) where needed.
- •2. Rewrite these sentences using can, can’t, could, couldn’t.
- •3. Supply can, can’t, could, couldn’t, was / were able to, managed to. Alternatives are possible.
- •4. Supply suitable forms of to be able to in these sentences.
- •5. Complete the sentences with must, mustn’t, needn’t.
- •6. Supply must have been, can’t, couldn’t have been, have to, had to (be), didn’t have to (be).
- •7. Rephrase these notices to give or refuse permission. Begin each sentence with You…..
- •8. Supply the correct tense form of to allowed to.
- •9. Respond to these statements with should, shouldn’t, shouldn’t have done that, oughtn’t to have done that.
- •10. Translate the sentences using can / could / to be able to, may / might, must / to be to / to have to, should / ought to, need.
- •11*. Put in am, can, can’t, couldn’t, have had to, haven’t been able to, may, must, must be, must have. Remember me?
Introductory phonetic-orthoepic course
Англійський алфавіт
|
Aa |
Jj |
Ss |
|
Bb |
Kk |
Tt |
|
Cc |
Ll |
Uu |
|
Dd |
Mm |
Vv |
|
Ee |
Nn |
Ww |
|
Ff |
Oo |
Xx |
|
Gg |
Pp |
Yy |
|
Hh |
|
Zz |
|
Ii |
Rr |
|
Звуки і букви
Фонетична будова англійської мови відрізняється від фонетичної будови української мови, оскільки має суттєві відмінності в артикуляції органів мовлення (у вимові звуків). Фонетичними і графічними особливостями англійської мови є те, що в ній один звук передають на письмі різними буквами і сполученнями літер і, навпаки, одна і та сама буква може позначати різні звуки, тобто читатися по-різному. Особливо це характерно для англійських голосних букв, кожна з яких має від 5 до 10 звукових значень. Наприклад, буква a: fate [fet], fare [fεә], far [fα:], fat [fæt], again [ә'gen].
Це призводить до того, що в англійській мові наявна велика невідповідність між написанням і вимовою слів. 26 букв англійського алфавіту передають 44 звуки (20 голосних і 24 приголосні).
Окремі звуки передають на письмі різними буквами і буквосполученнями. Наприклад, звук k передають на письмі буквами k, c, ck, ch.
Для графічного зображення фонем (звуків) використовують особливі знаки фонетичної транскрипції, де кожній фонемі відповідає певний знак. Знаки фонетичної транскрипції звичайно беруть у квадратні дужки. Надзвичайно важливо дотримуватися довготи і напруженості голосного звука, оскільки зміна його довготи зумовлює зміну значення слова. Наприклад, beat [bi:t] – бити і bit [bt] – шматочок, dark [dα:k] – темний і duck [dΛk] – качка.
Порядок слів у реченні, наголос та інтонація
Для англійської мови характерний сталий порядок слів. Порядок слів, за якого підмет стоїть перед присудком, а прямий додаток – після присудка, є типовим для англійського розповідного речення, наприклад: She loves children. I’ve read a lot recently.
Англійська інтонація відрізняється від української характером піднесення і пониження тону голосу, ритмом і розподілом фразового наголосу.
В англійській мові є два основні тони – низхідний (спадний) і висхідний. Англійський низхідний тон виражає смислову завершеність висловлювання. Йому властивий більш різкий і глибокий спад, ніж український. Англійський звичайний низхідний тон схожий на український низхідний тон, який уживають, виражаючи категоричний наказ або команду, наприклад: “Геть звідси!” або “Раз, два, три!”.
Англійський висхідний тон свідчить про незавершеність висловлювання. Він не такий різкий і стрімкий, як в українській мові, починається з більш низького тону, підвищення в ньому відбувається поступово. Графічно англійський низхідний тон зображають знаком ↓, а висхідний – ↑, які ставлять перед наголошеним складом.
Кожне слово в англійській мові має свій постійний наголос, але не всі слова в мовному потоці виділяють наголосом. Виділення окремих слів у мовленні, порівняно з іншими, називають фразовим наголосом.
В англійському реченні наголошеними, як правило, бувають лише однозначні слова: іменники, прикметники, смислові дієслова, числівники, прислівники, питальні та вказівні займенники. Ненаголошеними звичайно є службові слова (артиклі, сполучники, прийменники, допоміжні й модальні дієслова, особові та присвійні займенники). Графічно наголос зображають вертикальною лінією перед наголошеним складом, наприклад, sentence['sentәns].
Типи складів, буквосполучення, дифтонги. Способи їх вимови
Вимова голосного в англійській мові залежить від наголосу та її положення щодо інших букв. В англійській мові, на відміну від української, існують не два типи складів (відкритий і закритий), а чотири, унаслідок впливу букви r на вимову голосного, що стоїть перед нею.
В англійській мові є дифтонги, у яких, на противагу українським дифтонгам, зв’язок між елементами тісніший: [a], [ә], [әu] тощо.
Усі англійські приголосні в будь-якій позиції вимовляють без пом’якшення.
Англійські дзвінкі приголосні в кінці слів не оглушуються. Оглушення кінцевого дзвінкого приголосного в англійській мові призводить до зміни значення слова: bed [bed] – ліжко, bet [bet] – заклад, парі, side [sad] – сторона, site [sat] – місцезнаходження, будівельний майданчик, інтернет-сторінка.
Кінцеві англійські глухі приголосні вимовляють енергійніше й виразніше, ніж у рідній мові. Дзвінкі приголосні в кінці слів вимовляють без голосного призвуку. Наприклад, cap [kæp], coat [kәut], aле bed [bed], tag [tæg].
В англійській мові є кілька звуків, яких немає в українській мові, наприклад, [h], [w], [θ], [ð], [ŋ].
Читання голосних у чотирьох типах складів
|
Буква |
Закритий склад |
Відкритий склад |
Голосний+r+приголосний |
Голосний+ r+голосний |
|
a |
rat [ræt] |
rate [ret] |
star [sta:] |
stare [stεә] |
|
o |
hot [ho:t] |
hope [hәup] |
sport [spo:t] |
more [mo:] |
|
u |
bus [bΛs] |
use [ju:s] |
turn [tз:n] |
pure [pjuә] |
|
e |
ten [ten] |
Pete [pi:t] |
her [hз:] |
here [hә] |
|
i |
still [stl] |
smile [smal] |
bird [bз:d] |
fire [faә] |
|
y |
system [sstәm] |
type [tap] |
myrtle [mз:tl] |
tyre [taә] |
Читання голосних буквосполучень
Деякі приголосні в англійській мові впливають на вимову голосних, які стоять поряд.
|
Буквосполучення |
Читання |
Приклади |
|
a+s+приголосний |
[α:] |
ask, fast, pass |
|
a+l+приголосний – у закритому складі під наголосом |
[o:] |
small, salt, tall |
|
a+l+k (l не читають) |
[o:] |
talk, chalk |
|
wa, qua+r+приголосний (r не читають) |
[o:] |
war, warm, quarter |
|
wa, qua+(крім r, l) |
[o] |
want, quantity |
|
wa, qua – у відкритому складі |
[e] |
wave, quake |
|
ai, ay – під наголосом |
[e] |
stain, day |
|
au, aw |
[o:] |
author, law |
|
ea, ee |
[i:] |
sea, steel |
|
ear – під наголосом, якщо за цим сполученням не стоїть приголосний |
[ә] |
dear |
|
еar – перед приголосним |
[з:] |
learn, early |
|
eer – під наголосом |
[ә] |
engineer |
|
ew – якщо не стоїть після l, r, j |
[ju:] |
few, dew |
|
еw – після l, r, j |
[u:] |
flew, drew, jewel |
|
i+ld |
[α] |
mild |
|
i+nd |
[α] |
find |
|
i+gh |
[α] |
flight |
|
o+ld |
[әu] |
old, gold |
|
oo+k |
[u] |
took, look |
|
oo+приголосний |
[u:] |
mood, shoot, foot |
|
oa |
[әu] |
road, load |
|
ou, ow |
[αu] [Λ] [u] |
out, town, loud country group |
|
u – після r, l, j, а також перед голосним |
[u:] |
rule, blue, June |
|
ui |
[ju:] |
suit |
|
ui після r, l, j |
[u:] |
fruit, juice |
Вимова деяких приголосних та їх сполучень
|
Буквосполучення |
Читання |
Приклади |
|
c+e, i, y |
[s] |
place, pencil, icy |
|
c – в інших випадках |
[k] |
crystal, cubic, can |
|
g+e, i, y |
[d3] |
page, giant, Egypt |
|
g – в інших випадках |
[g] |
go, big, gave |
|
j |
[g] [d3] |
get, give jet, just |
|
s – у кінці слова, після голосного та дзвінкого приголосного, усередині слова між голосними |
[z] |
his, plans, because |
|
s – в інших випадках |
[s] |
so, stand, lamps |
|
th |
[θ] [ð] |
think, thin, thank this, that, with |
|
sh |
[∫] |
show, ship |
|
ch, tch |
[t∫] |
inch, match |
|
ph |
[f] |
physics, telephone |
|
w – перед r на початку слова не читають |
|
write, wrong |
|
qu |
[kw] |
quick, equipment |
|
wh+голосний (крім o) |
[w] |
what, when, why |
|
wh+o |
[h] |
who, whom, whose |
|
ture – у ненаголошеній позиції |
[t∫ә] |
lecture, culture |
|
tion, ssion – у ненаголошеній позиції |
[∫n] |
motion, session |
|
ci+ненаголошений голосний |
[∫] |
social, electrician |
Читання дифтонгів
|
Буквосполучення |
Читання |
Приклади |
|
ai |
[e] |
say, baby, train, plate, table, waiter, Spain |
|
oa, or, ow |
[әu] |
no, smoke, those, motor, only, Poland, hotel, oak, coat, foam, grow |
|
igh, ild, ind |
[α] |
five, nine, ice, eye, my, side, night, sight, mild, find |
|
ow, ou |
[αu] |
how, count, flower, cloud, hour, now |
|
ow |
[o] |
boy, noise, boil, voice, choice, toy |
|
ear, ier, eer |
[ә] |
dear, clear, beer, really, ear, cheer, tier, pierce, engineer |
|
eir |
[εә] |
where, there, their, chair, hair, care |
|
ure, oor |
[uә] |
sure, poor, moor |
|
ia |
[αә] |
diamond, giant |
|
our |
[αuә] |
sour, flour, hour |
PART I
BASIC TOPICS