Read and learn

“Symbols for danger warning“

1. Railway crossing with gates

2. Railway crossing without gates

3. Intersection with tramway

4. Crossing

5. Light signals

6. Swing bridge

7. Road leads on to quay or river bank

8. Dangerous bend to the right

9. Dangerous bend to the left

10. Winding road, the first bend to the right

11. Winding road, the first bend to the left

12. Steep descent

13. Steep ascent

14. Uneven road

15. Slippery road

16. Loose gravel

17. Carriageway narrows-both

18. Carriageway narrows-right side

19. Carriageway narrows-left side

20. Two-way traffic

21. Pedestrian crossing

22. Road works

23. Cattle or other animal crossing

24. Falling rocks

25. Cross-wind

26. Other dangers

Answer the questions

1. What is it necessary to brake a moving car?

2. What does the braking path depend on?

3. How should the car be braked on the wet road and at high speeds?

4. What does the parking brake serve for?

5. Why is the parking brake at so effective as the foot brake?

Translate into English

1. Road leads on to guay or river bank.

2. Pedestrian crossing.

3. Cattle or othe animal crossing.

4. Steep descent.

5. Steep ascent.

6. Slippery road.

7. Road works.

8. Swing bridge.

9. Intersection with tramway

10. Dangerous bentd to the right(left)

Give English equivalents

1. Швидкість автомобіля

2. Чотири колеса

3. Гальмова стежка

4. Мокра дорога (шлях)

5. Небезпечний поворот

6. Крутий спуск

7. Крутий підйом

8. Пішохідний перехід

9. Ступінь швидкості

10. Задні колеса

Read and memorize the following words and word-combinations to the text “Roads in Ukraine”

1. network мережа

2. hard surface тверде покриття

3. comparison порівняння

4. paved surface асфальтове покриття

5. road service дорожній сервіс

6. numbering system система нумерації

7. current струм

8. to install для установки

9. beltway Кільцева автодорога

10. ringway кільцева автодорогаp

11. traffic condition регулювання руху

12. divided highways розділене шосе

13. highspeed високошвидкісний

14. freeways вільні шляхи

15. ability спроможність

16. supplemental довідкова

17. road management управління дорожнім господарством

18. Ministry of Transportation and Communicaytions Міністерство транспоту і комунікацій

19. road constraction and maintenance будування та утримання доріг

20. daughter company дочірня компанія

21. annual budget річний бюджет

Roads in Ukraine

Roads in Ukraine (Ukrainian: Автомобільні) шляхи України, Автошляхи) is a network of roads for public use, for official use, for private use, and streets with city roads.

The whole network of all automobile roads (highways) consists of some 172.4 thousands kilometers out which 164.1 thousands - have hard surface or 95.19%. The existing road network was mostly built in 1960's - 1970's. For comparison in 1940 the highway network of Ukraine consisted of 270.7 thousand kilometers which only 10.8% contained a paved surface. After the fall of the Soviet Union at the end of 1991 all road service state organizations within Ukraine were reorganized. The highway numbering system was changed as well. During the Soviet times it corresponded to the current Russian highway numbering system of the M-network. Today more and more cities install their own beltways or ringways to improve their traffic conditions.

In Ukraine divided highways or motorways are called automagistrals. In the late 2000s there were installed first improved highspeed freeways such as Automagistral Kiev - Boryspil (Ukrainian: Автомагістраль Київ - Бориспіль) which connected the capital with its major airport. That automagistral is the biggest highway in Ukraine stretching for 18 km (12 miles) and has an ability to allow the traffic volume of 40,000 vehicles on daily basis (24 hrs). It is part of the of the M03 highway. Important supplemental feature of the automagistral is an electronic informational system that allows to inform the traveling drivers of any updates on the route. That experimental project was installed in 2007 and cost 40 million hryvnia.

Ukravtodor is the state governing body of automobile roads in Ukraine. It is supplemented by a project institute Ukrhiprodor which designs objects of road management. Ukravtodor[l] is supervised by the Ministry of Transportation and Communications.^] On February 28, 2002 by the Presidential order there was created a state owned open stock company Avtomobilni dorohy Ukrainy (ADU).[3] The company is directly involved in road construction and maintenance. It consists of 32 daughter-companies in each oblast, Crimea, and the cities of national importance. The annual budget of ADU is around 4 billion hryvnias (end of 2000s

1. Answer the questions.

1. How many kilometers does the whole network of all automobile roads consist?

2. When was the existing road network built?

3. When were all road service state organization reorganized?

4. Why do many cities install their own beltways and ringways?

5. How are divided highways called in Ukraine?

6. What is the main auomagistral in Ukraine?

7. Is it the biggest automagistral in Ukraine or Russia ?

8. What is the state governing body of automobile roads in Ukraine?

9. What is Ukraavtodor supervised by?

10. Who ovderul to create a stabe owned open stick company Avtomobilni dorohy Ukraine?

2. Complete the sentences

1. The whole network of all automobile roads…

2. The existing road network…

3. The highway numbering system…

4. Today more and more…

5. In Ukraine divided highways…

6. Automagistral Kiev-Boryspil is…

7. Ukravtodor is…

8. On February 28,2002….

3. Give equivalents to the following words and word-combinations

1. Automobile road

2. Road network

3. For comparison

4. Paved surface

5. Hard surface

6. Beltways

7. To install

8. High speed

9. Ability

10. Update

11. Road management

12. Daughter company

4. Try to represent the back translation of the text given below

5. Make up a dialogue using the text

Read and memorize the following words and word-combinations to the text”

“ The Roads of State and local importance in Ukraine “

1. to inherit успадкувати

2. public use громадське користування

3. assign призначити

4. state importance державного значення

5. local importance місцевого значення

6. Cyrillic alphabet Кирилиця

7. Coincide Збігаються

8. Accept Прийняти

9. Utilize Використовувати

10. M-network of roads М-мережі доріг

11. N-network (National) N- мережі(національні)

12. range діапазон

13. digit цифра

14. implement здійснювати

15. index знак

16. locate розташувати

The Roads of State and local importance in Ukraine

Ukraine has its own network of highway that were inherited from the Ukrainian SSR and were part of the Soviet network of highways. The network consists 99% of roads for public use with 12% assigned as of state importance and 87% - local importance. The state importance roads have three indexes M, H, P, each stand for the respected letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, however as they coincide with some letters of the Latin alphabet they are can easily be accepted. The state importance roads are utilized by the European network of highways. The M-network of roads which stands for International network along with H-network (National) range from 01 to 23 and consist of two digits. The P-network (Regional) of roads ranges from 01 to 65 and also is a combination of two digits. The local importance roads have three classes as well, but only two indexes T, O. The Rayon network of roads does not have a system implemented. The indexes for the local roads are also supplemented by an oblast index where they are located. The roads of the local importance are also have three categories territorial, district and rural, these roads are indentified by the four digit index with first two assigned the specific oblast or the federal city of Sevastopol between and 27.

The roads of the state importance in Ukraine are subdivided into three categories: International (M-network), National (H- network, and Regional (P-network). The letter’s indexes are of the Cyrillic alphabet. Standing for they susceptive abbreviation in the Ukrainian language.

1. Answer the following questions

1. Does Ukraine have its own network of highways?

2. What percent does the network of roads for public us consist ?

3. Are there roads of state and local importance in Ukraine?

4. What indexes do the state importance roads have?

5. Are state importance roads utilized by the European network of highways?

6. How many classes do local importance roads have?

7. How are the roads in Ukraine categorized?

8. What category does automagistrals have?

9. How many categories do the roads of the local importance have?

10. Ukraine has its own network of highways, does not it?

2. Complete the sentences

1. Ukraine has its own…

2. The state importance roads have…

3. The local importance roads have…

4. The indexes for the local roads are…

5. The roads of the state importance in Ukraine are…

6. The roads of the local importance are…

3. Give the equivalents to the following words and word combinations

1. To inherit

2. Network of highways

3. Public use ]Local importance

4. State importance

5. Indexes

6. Coincide

7. Utilize

8. Digit

9. Implement

10. Degree of traffic

4. Try to represent the back translation of the text given below

5. Make up a dialogue using the text