1.Візьміть словник і знайдіть в ньому список скорочень, назвіть їх:

2.Розшифруйте скорочення:

adv.,a.,v.,prp., pron.

3.Дайте початкові форми слів, визначте до яких частин мови вони відносяться:

biggest, best, given, flies, drying, dying, stopped, worst, men, better, feet.

Питання для самоконтролю:

1.Коли використовують скорочення ?

2.Де знайти скорочення?

Read and memorize new words and expressions to the text

«A Road as a Means of Communication»

Identifiable		пізновальний, розпізнавальний, встановлений;
Route		маршрут;
Part		доріжка, стежка;
Smooth		гладкий, розгладжувати;
Pave		намощувати, прокладати (шлях);
Otherwise		інакше, або ж;
Construction		будівля, споруда;
Maintenance		технічне обслуговування;
Refer		посилитися на;
road step		дорога, шлях;
water way		водний шлях;
Lent		надавати;
Notable		видатний;
urban areas		сільські райони;
to pass through		проходити через;
dual function		подвійна функція;
Easement		зручність, прибудови, служби;
depend on		залежати від;
efficient road		діюча дорога
Truck		грузовик;
Coach		карета, вагон;
network of roadways		мережа доріг
express way		експрес дорога
Pathway		стежка, доріжка;
Trail		вистежувати;
Argue		обговорювати;
constant path		постійна доріжка (частина);
Select		вибирати;
Rough		брутальний, грубий.

Read and translate the text

« A Road as a Means of Communication »

A road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more places. Roads are typically smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel; though they need not be, and historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance.

The term was also commonly used to refer to roadsteads, waterways that lent themselves to use by shipping. Notable examples being Hampton Roads, in Virginia,

and Castle Roads, in Bermuda (also formerly in Virginia).

In urban areas roads may pass through a city or village and be named as streets, serving a dual function as urban space easement and route. Economics and society depend heavily on efficient roads. In the European Union (EU) 44% of all goods are moved by trucks over roads and 85% of all persons are transported by cars, buses or

coaches on roads.

The United States has the largest network of roadways of any country with 6,430,366 km India has the second largest road system in the world with 3,383,344 km. People's Republic of China is third with 1,870,661 km of roadway. When looking only at expressways the National Trunk Highway System (NTHS) in People's Republic of China has a total length of 45,000 km at the end of 2006, second only to the United States with 90,000 km in 2005 .

That the first pathways were the trails made by animals has not been universally accepted, arguing that animals do not follow constant paths. Others believe that some roads originated from humans following animal trails. The Icknield Way is given as an example of this type road origination, where man and animal both selected the same natural line. By about 10,000 BC, rough pathways were used by human travelers.

Answer the questions

1. What is a road?

2. What purposes do they serve?

3. What are notable examples of the roads?

4. How are roads names in urban areas?

5. What do economics and society depend on?

6. How are all goods and persons transported by?

7. What country has the largest network of roads?

8. What place do India and People’s Republic of China have?

9. What is a total length of National Trunk Highway System in People’s Republic of China?

10. What did the road originate from?

Translate into Ukrainian

1. identifiable route;

2. easy travel;

3. urban areas;

4. to pass through;

5. dual function;

6. space easement and route;

7. efficient roads;

8. network of road ways;

9. road system;

10. first pathways;

11. constant path;

12. animal trails;

13. human travelers.

Finish the sentences, translate them into Ukrainian

1. A road is …

2. Roads are typically smoothed, paved …

3. Notable examples are …

4. Economics and society depend …

5. The United States has …

6. In the European Union 44% of …

7. The first pathways were …

8. Some roads originated from …

9. By about 10000 B.C. …

10. People’s Republic of China is …