Supplementary tasks - завдання для самостійної підготовки. Read and translate the text

Originally these numbers beginning in T were to be made public; however this was eventually deemed unnecessary.With the introduction of motorways in the late 1950s, a new classification M was introduced. In many cases the motorways duplicated existing stretches of A-road, which therefore lost much of their significance and were in some cases renumbered. There was no consistent approach to this renumbering - some retained their existing number as non-primary A roads (e.g. the A40 running alongside the M40), others were given 'less significant' numbers (e.g. the A34 in Warwickshire became the A3400 after the M40 was built) and the remainder were downgraded to B or unclassified roads (e.g. the A38, which has been replaced by the M5 between Tiverton and Exeter). Occasionally the new motorway would take the name of the old A-road rather than having its own number.

1. Ask the questions to the text

2. Make up the plan of the text

Read and memorize the following words and word-combinations to the text “Early Roman Highways”

1. approximately - приблизно

2. to construct - будувати

3. a vast system of roads - величезна система доріг

4. to embrace - охоплювати

5. a total length - загальна довжина

6. to extend - простягати, протягуватися

7. radiate – випромінювати

8. to surface - поверхня

9. layer покриття, слой

10. location - розташування

11. trace шлях, слід, незначна кількість

12. decline - падіння, зниження, відхилити, нахилить

13. flourish - процвітати, досягати успіху

14. latter - недавній, останній

15. to renew - відроджувати, реставрувати

Read and translate the text

“Early Roman Highways”

During the period from approximately 400 B.C. to A.D. 200 the Romans constructed a vast system of roads, embracing a total length of more than 75.000 miles, which extended over their whole Empire. Twenty-nine highways radiated from Rome and connected with numerous other roads.

Many of these roads were surfaced with several layers of stone, in many locations so thick and, of such large size that traces of then may be found today. After the decline of the Empire, road building did not flourish again until the latter part of the 18th century, when it was renewed in England and France and to some extent in the United States.

Answer the questions

1) When did the Romans construct a vast system of roads?

2) What was a total length of these roads?

3) What were many of these roads surfaced with?

4) When was the road building renewed in England?

Translate into Ukrainian

1) a vast system of roads

2) a total length

3) highway

4) numerous roads

5) layer of stone

6) to some extent

Read and memorize the following words and word-combinations to the text

“The First Roman Roads”

1. highways - автомагістраль

2. to lay down - класти, укладати

3. occupation - заняття, професія, праця

4. a network of roads - мережа доріг

5. to cover - покриття

6. military purposes - воєнні цілі

7. in order to - для того, щоб

8. communica tion - зв'язок

9. filling - заповнювати

10. pile - купа