2. Pronounce the following words:

Transport, cargo, transportation, production, product, producer, to be located, consumer, consumption, demand, Logistics, refer, entire, process, transferring, storage, transshipment, warehousing, material-handling, packaging, responsibility, risk, during, containerization, to revolutionize, international, domestic, huge, reduction, traditionally manually, automated, factor, globalization, huge, bulk, liquid, common, value

3. Translate the following word combinations:

Modes of transport, cargo transportation, to be located, far away from consumption, a great demand, the entire process of transshipment, from producer to consumer, handling of payment, responsibility of risk, international trade, domestic trade, huge reduction, reduction in cost, transshipment cost, to load manually, to be unloaded, automated handling, a driving factor, huge ships, whole trains, to transport bulk, liquid products, to transport by pipeline, air freight, products of high value, an entirely automated system

4. Read the text and translate it: rail freight traffic

All modes of transport are used for cargo transportation. Production is often located far away from consumption point. That’s why there is a great demand for transport. Logistics refers to the entire process of transferring products from producer to consumer. This process includes storage, transport and transshipment, warehousing, material-handling and packaging.

Containerization has revolutionized international and domestic trade. It offered huge reduction in transshipment cost. Traditionally, all cargo was manually loaded and unloaded. Containerization allows for automated handling and transfer. It became a driving factor in international trade and globalization.

Huge ships and whole trains are used to transport bulk. Liquid products may also be transported by pipeline. Air freight has become more common for products of high value.

Nowadays trains have to carry more and more freight, that’s why there are several classes of freight cars The right rolling stock is available for every type of freight: low-bed wagons for heavy or bulky goods; sliding-wall, high-capacity wagons or open flatcars for large consignments; tank wagons for liquid products; silo wagons for granular products.

Value-added services include truck transfer from terminal to train and in reverse, and transport of chemicals with special safety provisions.

5. Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions and translate the sentences:

1. All modes …. transport are used ….. cargo transportation.

2. Production is often located far away ….. consumption.

3. There is a great demand …… transport.

4. Logistics refers …… the entire process …… transferring products …… producer ……. consumer.

5. Containerization offered huge reduction …….. transshipment cost.

6. Liquid products may also be transported ……. pipeline.

7. Air freight has become more common ……. products … high value.

6. Complete the sentence and translate them:

1. There is a great demand ……. .

2. Containerization has revolutionized ………. .

3. Containerization offered …… .

4. Huge ships and whole trains are used ……. .

5. Liquid products are transported …….

6. Nowadays trains have to carry ….. .

7. There are several classes ……. .

8. There are different kinds of wagons: …… .

9. Low-bed wagons are for ….. . sliding-wall.

10. High-capacity wagons or open flatcars are used for …… .

11. Tank wagons are intended for ….. .

12. Silo wagons are for …… .

7. Answer the questions:

1. Are all modes of transport used for cargo transportation?

2. Why is there a great demand for transport?

3. Why did containerization become a driving factor in international trade?

4. What may be transported by pipeline?

5. What modes of transport are used to transport bulk?

6. What products are transported by air?

7. What kind of cargo do freight trains carry?

8. What kind of cars do you know?

GRAMMAR

MODAL VERBS

8. Study the charts:

Долженствование

Present	Past	Future
I must meet him.	-----------------	-----------
I have to meet him.	I had to meet him.	I will have to meet him.
I am to meet him.	I was to meet him.	--------------
I should meet him.	------------	---------------
I ought to meet him.	-------------	--------------

Способность, возможность

Present	Past	Future
He can help him.	He could help him.	-----------
I am able to help him.	I was able to help him.	I will be able to help him.

Допустимость совершения действия

Present	Past	Future
He may use this book.	He might use this book.	-----------
I am allowed to use this book.	I was allowed to use this book.	I will be allowed to use this book.

Modal verbs

We use “can” to say that something is possible or that somebody has the ability to do something.

We use “can” + infinitive. (Be able + to V₁₎ is possible instead of “can”, but “can” is more usual:

“Can” has only two forms, “can” (present) and “could” (past).

We use “must” to say that we feel sure something is true:

We use “may” or “might” to say that something is a possibility:

The negative is “can’t” (=cannot), “may not” or “might not” (mightn’t)