2. Translate the following word combinations:

To act as a transit in the trade between China and Europe, the eastern coast of America, the Trans-Asian Railway proposal, current rail transport, the Trans-Siberian Railway, to require bogie exchanges, a major railroad project, to link China and Southeast Asia to Europe, to use the standard rail gauge of 1,435 mm, to utilize the same gauge, to avoid costly delays at bogie exchange stations, to shorten the route to Europe, high speed, to be possible, to ship cargo in 7-10 days, the sea transport, to open up areas of Kazakhstan for exploration of minerals and oil, to start construction for the new line, at the eastern border tow, the Caspian Sea, the total cost of the project, the transport corridor through Kazakhstan, to provide a railway-ship link between China and the east coast of North Americ

3. Read the text and translate it: transkazakhstanitrunkrailways project

The potential of Kazakhstan to act as a transit in the trade between China, Europe, and even the eastern coast of America, as envisioned in the Trans-Asian Railway proposal, has not yet been fulfilled. Current rail transport between China and Europe goes over the Trans-Siberian Railway, is lengthy, and requires bogie exchanges.

KTZ is engaging on the TransKazakhstaniTrunk Railways (TKTR), a major railroad project to link China and Southeast Asia to Europe for a length of 2,400 miles (3,862 km). China and most of Europe use the standard rail gauge of 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in), and the TKTR will utilize the same gauge. It will avoid costly delays atbogie exchange stations. The route to Europe will be shortened and laid out for high speed. It is estimated that it will be possible eventually to ship cargo in 7-10 days (half the current time by rail) from China’s ports to Europe. The sea transport takes about 40-65 days. The railway would also open up areas of Kazakhstan for exploration of minerals and oil. Currently the plan is to run the railway through Turkmenistan to Iran; Iran is linked to Turkey and Europe's standard gauge system.

Construction for the new line will start at the eastern border town of Druzhba to go to Aktau on the Caspian Sea. The total cost of the project is $ 5-7 billion. A link from Aktau to Iran is also required.

The transport corridor through Kazakhstan has the potential to provide a railway-ship link between China and the east coast of North America through the Northern East West corridor.

4. Complete the sentences choosing the correct word given in the brackets:

1. Various types of trains are designed for (interesting, simple, particular) purposes.

2. A passenger train may consist of one or several (coaches, trucks, carts).

3. In many parts of the world, particularly Japan and Europe, high-speed rail is used extensively for (passenger, freight, animals) travel.

4. Some parcel and mail trains are outwardly more like (passenger, freight, high -speed) trains.

5. Special trains are also used for (track, locomotive, engine) maintenance of the way.

5. Answer the questions:

1. What special kinds of trains are there?

2. What do freight trains comprise?

3. What is high-speed rail used for?

4. In what cases are “mixed” trains used?

5. Are passenger trains used for track maintenance?

6. Are freight trains used for passenger travel or for carrying goods?

7. High-speed rails are used in Japan, aren’t they?

8. What trains carry people?

9. What can freight trains carry?

10. Freight trains comprise trucks, don’t they?

11. Do you want to travel by high-speed trains?

6. Complete and translate the sentences:

1. Freight traffic is …….. .

2. Our life is impossible …… .

3. It is very important to organize right freight traffic.

4. Logisticians deal with ….. .

5. While planning transportation of goods, logisticians must take into account … .

6. They transport ….. .

7. Logisticians must provide ……

8. They must avoid …. .

9. Freight mustn’t be delivered …. .

10. Transportation is performed by …… .

11. Vehicles may include …… .

12. Infrastructure includes ……. .

GRAMMAR

MODAL VERBS

7. Fill in the necessary modal verb:

May / might / must.

a) must b) may c) might

1. ________ I borrow your ruler?

2. It isn’t certain, but he ________ be a millionaire in two years’ time.

3. That _______ be Charlie . He said he would be here about now.

4. You _______ make a little less noise.

5. The house repairs _______ cost more than the house is worth.

6. It was so quiet that one ________ hear a leaf drop.

7. Nobody _______ leave the hall before the exam has finished.

8. You were lucky. You ______ have broken your neck, Jane.

9. There ________ be a heavy frost during the night.

10. There ________ be a leak in this football; otherwise it wouldn’t get soft so quickly.

11. She noticed that she _____ be late.

12. He _______ be clever, but he hasn’t got much common sense.