2. Read the text and translate it:

FROM THE HISTORY OF KAZAKHSTANI TRANSPORT SYSTEM

In 1894, the Russian Empire opened a metre gauge railway between Pokrovskaya Sloboda (present day Engels, Russia) and Uralsk, about 130km of which were within the borders of present day Kazakhstan.

The first section of the first line specifically built to serve the major cities of Kazakhstan opened in 1904, and from the opening of this line Kazakhstan Railways celebrated their centenary in 2004.

On the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Kazakhstan administration inherited a railway system of over 15000km, with international connections to Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and a newly completed link with China.

The railway network was privatized in 2001. Extensions and improvements continue to take place.

Founded by the government in 2002 as a joint stock company KTZ’s task is to develop, operate, and maintain railway transportation in Kazakhstan. It is headquartered in Astana. Related stock companies own the rolling stock, the hauling equipment, and the passenger transport division. Repair facilities have been privatized. Private companies may own or rent rolling stock that can use the rail system.

3. Translate the following word combinations:

The total length of the railway, to carry a great volume of traffic, to provide passengers with many comforts, the suburban service, to take steps to full automation, to build a large railway network, to work out a project, industrial centers connected by a railway, a main line-track, to get all the necessary equipment, to pay great attention to railway, the trains drawn by powerful locomotives

4. Complete the sentences:

1. In 1894, the Russian Empire opened ……… .

2. On the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Kazakhstan administration inherited ……. .

3. In 2001 the railway network …….. .

4. KTZ’s task ……….. .

5. KTZ is headquartered ………

6. Private companies may own or rent ………. .

5. Answer the questions:

1. Is Kazakhstan a great rail country?

2. What problems do Kazakh railways pay special attention to nowadays?

3. What speeds are now practical for the express trains?

4. When did the Russian Empire open a metre gauge railway between Pokrovskaya Sloboda (present day Engels, Russia) and Uralsk?

5. What did Kazakhstan Railways celebrate in 2004?

6. Did the Kazakhstan administration inherit a railway system of over 15000km on the dissolution of the Soviet Union?

7. When was the railway network privatized in Kazakhstan?

8. What task has a joint stock company KTZ?

9. Where is it headquartered?

10. What does this company own?

Grammar

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

6. Write sentences in Present Perfect Tense.

1. they / ask / a question

2. he / speak / English

3. I / be / in my room

4. we / not / wash / the car

5. Annie / not / forget / her homework

7. Form questions in Present Perfect Tense.

1. they / finish / their homework

2. Sue / kiss / Ben

3. the waiter / bring / the tea

4. Marilyn / pay / the bill

5. you / ever / write / a poem

8. Ask for the information of the sentence.

1. They have talked about art at school.

2. Jane has got a letter.

3. Oliver has cooked dinner.

4. Caron has read seven pages.

5. You have heard the song 100 times.

LESSON 8: CURRENT RAILWAYS IN KAZAKHSTAN

PRESENT AND PAST PERFECT ACTIVE

1. Learn words and word combinations:

1. the current rail network современная сеть железных дорог

2. inheritance наследие

3. to have a broad gauge of 1,520 mm  иметь ширину колеи в 1520мм

4. while в то время, как

5. to provide a smooth transit обеспечивать плавный переход

6. break-of-gauge разрыв колеи

7. track железнодорожный путь

8. to expand расширять

9. to employ, employer, employee нанимать, работодатель, работник

10. to manage управлять, контролировать

11. remainder остаток, оставшаяся часть

12. hauling транспортировка, перевозка

13. ongoing project текущий проект

14. profitable выгодный, прибыльный

15. revenue доход

2. Read the text and translate it: