2. Read the text and understand it: cargo and its characteristics

All products of industry and agriculture are considered as goods. Cargo transport characteristics are important for choosing the optimal delivery methods. The cargo may be influenced by various external factors - mechanical, climatic and biological ones.

The following cargo characteristics as mass, volume, susceptibility to weathering, impact on the environment, the type of packaging, dimensions, etc. must be taken into account during transportation and storage.

Cargo is divided into three groups: raw materials, semi-finished and manufactured goods (finished products). All goods are divided into general, bulk and liquid, perishable goods, livestock. Liquid and dry bulk cargo for transport and storage require specialized rolling stock and warehouses. Dangerous or perishable goods and animals require special conditions of transportation.

Grain, black and brown coal, peat, shale, ore can ignite spontaneously under the influence of internal chemical and biochemical processes. Transportation and storage of these goods requires ventilation and temperature control. This factor should be taken into account while choosing of the location of warehouses and during the transportation of these goods.

3. Complete the sentences:

1. Cargo transport characteristics are important …… .

2. The cargo may be influenced …. .

3. The following cargo characteristics as ….. .

4. Cargo is divided into three groups: .... .

5. All goods are divided into ….. .

6. Liquid and dry bulk cargo for transport and storage ….. .

7. Dangerous or perishable goods and animals require …. .

4. Answer the questions:

1. Why can grain, black and brown coal, peat, shale, ore ignite spontaneously?

2. Do highly inflammable goods require ventilation and temperature control?

3. What factors should be taken into account during storage and transportation of goods?

4. What kinds of goods do you know?

5. What external factors influence cargo?

6. What goods require special conditions of transportation?

5. Retell the text “Cargo and its characteristics”

GRAMMAR

PARTICIPLE II

6. Translate the following verbs, form Participle II from them:

Example: visit-visited

To know, to place, to make, to compress, to design, to attach, to power, to use, to require, to carry, to build, to set, to develop, to reach

7. Translate the following word combinations including Participle II:

Foundation made of concrete, compressed earth and gravel, types of wagons designed for particular purposes, covered cars, the locomotive powered by steam, mechanized works, transported freight, beams placed on a foundation, passengers or freight carried by trains, high-speed rail used for passenger travel, steel rails known as a railway or railroad, covered wagons

8. Translate the sentences; pay attention to the Participles I and II:

1. She heard the sound of the radio through the closed door. 2. The new Opera house built two years ago is one of the finest buildings in our city. 3. Coming up to the window, he opened it and listened. 4. Feeling homesick he decided to return home. 5. Feeling tired and having nothing to do she sat down in the armchair. 6. Speaking in the congress, he paid particular attention to the problem of peace in that region.