- •Предисловие
- •Основная часть unit 1
- •Our academy
- •Vocabulary
- •State Structure of Ukraine
- •Vocabulary
- •Ex. 1. Read and translate the following words into Russian.
- •Ex. 2. Form the nouns from the following verbs.
- •Ex. 3. Give the corresponding adjectives.
- •Ex. 4. Translate the words given in brackets.
- •Ex. 9. Make the following interrogative and negative.
- •Ex. 11. Transform from Passive into Active.
- •Political system of great britain
- •Vocabulary
- •Ex. 1. Read the words and translate them into Russian.
- •Ex. 2. Form the nouns from the verbs and translate them into Russian.
- •Ex. 3. Give the corresponding adjectives.
- •Ex. 4. Translate the words given in the brackets into English.
- •Ex. 6. Put the sentences into the Passive Voice.
- •Ex. 7. Add the necessary words.
- •Ex. 8. Agree or disagree with the following statements.
- •Ex. 9. Answer the following questions.
- •Vocabulary
- •Ex. 7. Answer the following questions.
- •British police system
- •Vocabulary
- •The united states police system
- •Vocabulary
- •British judicial system
- •Vocabulary
- •Ex. 3. Translate the word-combinations into English using the following words.
- •Ex. 4. Put the necessary words into the sentences.
- •Ex. 7. Translate the following sentences and state the functions of Participle II.
- •Ex. 8. Answer the following questions.
- •The united states court system
- •Vocabulary
- •Unit 10
- •Criminal law
- •Vocabulary
- •Ex. 1. Read the following words and translate them into Russian.
- •Ex. 3. Change the verb phrases to noun phrases.
- •Ex. 8. Translate the following sentences.
- •Unit 11
- •Investigation
- •Vocabulary
- •Задания для самостоятельной работы в межсессионный период
- •I семестр
- •II семестр
- •III семестр
- •I thought that the exams had already finished the previous week.
- •IV семестр
- •Тексты для самостоятельного чтения the constitution of ukraine
- •The united states constitution and the federal government
- •The legislative branch of the us government. The Capitol
- •The Congress
- •The executive branch of the us government
- •The judicial branch of the us government
- •Britain’s Monarchy
- •The law in britain
- •What is international humanitarian law all about?
- •The red cross and the red crescent: emblems of humanity
- •Who belongs to the international red cross and red crescent movement?
- •History of english police training
- •Police authorities
- •The new york city police
- •The individual policeman’s role
- •In crime prevention
- •Preservation of the public peace
- •The role of the police traffic control
- •The common law system
- •Civil cases
- •Criminal cases
- •Jury service
- •The appeals process
- •Criminal behavior
- •Criminal behavior reasoning
- •Criminal proceedings
- •The structure of the federal courts
- •Trial courts
- •Apellate courts
- •The United States Supreme Court
- •United states federal judges
- •Appointment of judges
- •Other federal judges
- •State judges
- •Preparation for trial
- •Criminal trial
- •Presumption of innocence
- •The problem of punishment
- •English prisons
- •The present english structure of corrections
- •Types of the us correctional institutions
- •Interpol (international criminal police organisation)
- •Judicial education
- •Commonly asked questions about the federal judicial process
- •Грамматический справочник
- •Притяжательный падеж (the possessive case)
- •Местоимение
- •Притяжательные местоимения (Possessive Pronouns)
- •Возвратные и усилительные местоимения (Reflexive and Emphatic Pronouns)
- •Взаимные местоимения
- •Неопределенные местоимения
- •Наречие (adverb)
- •Глагол (verb)
- •Правильные и неправильные глаголы (Regular Verbs and Irregular Verbs)
- •Модальные глаголы (Modal Verbs)
- •Значение и употребление модальных глаголов
- •Наклонение (Mood)
- •Времена глаголов (The Tenses of the verbs)
- •Образование
- •Прошедшее неопределенное время The Past Indefinite Tense
- •Длительные времена Continuous Tenses
- •Будущее длительное время The Future Continuous Tense
- •Совершенные времена Perfect Tenses
- •Залог (Voice)
- •Спряжение глагола в страдательном залоге
- •Неличные формы глагола
- •Инфинитив
- •Infinitive
- •Герундий The Gerund
- •Причастие (participle) Формы причастия
- •Функции причастия I в предложении
- •Функции причастия II в предложении
- •Косвенный вопрос (Indirect Speech)
- •Согласование времен (Sequence of tenses)
- •Сложное предложение (complex sentence)
- •Приложение
- •Рекомендуемая литература
- •Содержание
Britain’s Monarchy
From Alfred the Great, in the ninth century, to Elizabeth II today, 56 very varied men and women have reigned as kings or queens of England. The royal line of Scotland merged with that of England only in the seventeenth century. Some of these sovereigns occupied the throne for no more than a few months or, like Henry VI and Edward IV, disputed its possession with a rival, and not all were formally crowned; others, such as Elizabeth I and Victoria, reigned in splendour for so long that they set the seal of their names on whole periods of history. Some were esteemed as saintly, some were conspicuously sinful, some were feared and strong, others were despised and weak.
The wide differences in personality of these kings and queens are matched by the variety of circumstances in which they reigned. The powers and the functions of a monarch of England have never ceased to evolve, the rules of succession have differed from one period of history to another, and the very extent of the kingdom has changed. So we must not imagine William the Conqueror wrangling with a Parliament, any more than we should imagine George III leading warriors into battle.
In fact, to go back to the beginnings of the British monarchy is to explore a landscape so different from the one in which we now live, that only the similarity of the place names allows us to assume that we are still in the same country. What we now call England was roughly carved up by immigrant Saxon war bands in the fifth and sixth centuries, to make tribal territories and principalities.
The squabbles and struggles of the Saxon principalities were overtaken in the ninth century by the onset of a new wave of invaders, the Viking marauders from Scandinavia, who began at this time to terrorise the coastal regions of all of western Europe.
In their different ways Cnut and William were both interlopers, at least by what have come to be regarded, since the eighteenth century, as the rules of royal succession. However, this fact did not invalidate their kingship in the eyes of their contemporaries. When kings had to rule as well as reign, there were always questions of suitability and acceptability, which could not always be easily settled by the accident of heredity.
The Saxons recognised certain families as royal, but kings succeeded not merely by line of descent, they had to command the support of the leading families, and their claim was strengthened if they could prove that they had been ’designated’ for the succession by their predecessors.
It is not possible to point to any one figure in the history of the English monarchy and say, simply, ’he or she began it all’. Nevertheless, the story did receive a tremendous, even a decisive, forward impulse from Alfred of Wessex, King of the English as he styled himself on his coins, and Leader of the Christians as he was called by his devoted biographer Asser. He is the only English ruler to have been popularly accepted as ’Great’, and his position, both in British history as a whole and in the development of the monarchy in particular, is unique.
In a society that was still rebuilding itself after the devastation of a World War, the accession of a young, beautiful Queen with a famous name fuelled high hopes of a new golden age. In the event, the second Elizabethan era can already be seen as a time of renewal. It has not been easy for Britain to accept the loss of her empire, even though this process was carried out for the most part in an atmosphere of goodwill. It has been even harder, in some ways, for Britain to adjust to the harsh realities of late twentieth-century economics. In each case the outcome has shown the strength of a national tradition of dogged pragmatism. Throughout the changes of these years, the continuity represented by the monarchy has acted as an invaluable stabilising factor, reassuring the country and binding together the Commonwealth. And The Queen herself, both personally and in her role as constitutional monarch, has not ceased to grow in the respect and affection of her people, as was plainly seen in the rejoicing that marked Her Majesty’s Jubilee year of 1977.
The image of royalty in Britain since the Second World War has been much enhanced by its family setting. The marriage of the young Princess Elizabeth to Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, on 20 November 1947, was a dazzlingly romantic event in its time, and her husband swiftly came to occupy a distinctive and significant place in popular esteem. As royal consort the Duke of Edinburgh has shown a keen and challenging interest in many fields of national life.