- •Предисловие
- •Основная часть unit 1
- •Our academy
- •Vocabulary
- •State Structure of Ukraine
- •Vocabulary
- •Ex. 1. Read and translate the following words into Russian.
- •Ex. 2. Form the nouns from the following verbs.
- •Ex. 3. Give the corresponding adjectives.
- •Ex. 4. Translate the words given in brackets.
- •Ex. 9. Make the following interrogative and negative.
- •Ex. 11. Transform from Passive into Active.
- •Political system of great britain
- •Vocabulary
- •Ex. 1. Read the words and translate them into Russian.
- •Ex. 2. Form the nouns from the verbs and translate them into Russian.
- •Ex. 3. Give the corresponding adjectives.
- •Ex. 4. Translate the words given in the brackets into English.
- •Ex. 6. Put the sentences into the Passive Voice.
- •Ex. 7. Add the necessary words.
- •Ex. 8. Agree or disagree with the following statements.
- •Ex. 9. Answer the following questions.
- •Vocabulary
- •Ex. 7. Answer the following questions.
- •British police system
- •Vocabulary
- •The united states police system
- •Vocabulary
- •British judicial system
- •Vocabulary
- •Ex. 3. Translate the word-combinations into English using the following words.
- •Ex. 4. Put the necessary words into the sentences.
- •Ex. 7. Translate the following sentences and state the functions of Participle II.
- •Ex. 8. Answer the following questions.
- •The united states court system
- •Vocabulary
- •Unit 10
- •Criminal law
- •Vocabulary
- •Ex. 1. Read the following words and translate them into Russian.
- •Ex. 3. Change the verb phrases to noun phrases.
- •Ex. 8. Translate the following sentences.
- •Unit 11
- •Investigation
- •Vocabulary
- •Задания для самостоятельной работы в межсессионный период
- •I семестр
- •II семестр
- •III семестр
- •I thought that the exams had already finished the previous week.
- •IV семестр
- •Тексты для самостоятельного чтения the constitution of ukraine
- •The united states constitution and the federal government
- •The legislative branch of the us government. The Capitol
- •The Congress
- •The executive branch of the us government
- •The judicial branch of the us government
- •Britain’s Monarchy
- •The law in britain
- •What is international humanitarian law all about?
- •The red cross and the red crescent: emblems of humanity
- •Who belongs to the international red cross and red crescent movement?
- •History of english police training
- •Police authorities
- •The new york city police
- •The individual policeman’s role
- •In crime prevention
- •Preservation of the public peace
- •The role of the police traffic control
- •The common law system
- •Civil cases
- •Criminal cases
- •Jury service
- •The appeals process
- •Criminal behavior
- •Criminal behavior reasoning
- •Criminal proceedings
- •The structure of the federal courts
- •Trial courts
- •Apellate courts
- •The United States Supreme Court
- •United states federal judges
- •Appointment of judges
- •Other federal judges
- •State judges
- •Preparation for trial
- •Criminal trial
- •Presumption of innocence
- •The problem of punishment
- •English prisons
- •The present english structure of corrections
- •Types of the us correctional institutions
- •Interpol (international criminal police organisation)
- •Judicial education
- •Commonly asked questions about the federal judicial process
- •Грамматический справочник
- •Притяжательный падеж (the possessive case)
- •Местоимение
- •Притяжательные местоимения (Possessive Pronouns)
- •Возвратные и усилительные местоимения (Reflexive and Emphatic Pronouns)
- •Взаимные местоимения
- •Неопределенные местоимения
- •Наречие (adverb)
- •Глагол (verb)
- •Правильные и неправильные глаголы (Regular Verbs and Irregular Verbs)
- •Модальные глаголы (Modal Verbs)
- •Значение и употребление модальных глаголов
- •Наклонение (Mood)
- •Времена глаголов (The Tenses of the verbs)
- •Образование
- •Прошедшее неопределенное время The Past Indefinite Tense
- •Длительные времена Continuous Tenses
- •Будущее длительное время The Future Continuous Tense
- •Совершенные времена Perfect Tenses
- •Залог (Voice)
- •Спряжение глагола в страдательном залоге
- •Неличные формы глагола
- •Инфинитив
- •Infinitive
- •Герундий The Gerund
- •Причастие (participle) Формы причастия
- •Функции причастия I в предложении
- •Функции причастия II в предложении
- •Косвенный вопрос (Indirect Speech)
- •Согласование времен (Sequence of tenses)
- •Сложное предложение (complex sentence)
- •Приложение
- •Рекомендуемая литература
- •Содержание
The law in britain
The law and the church are powerfully interlocked with the history of Britain. Both judges and bishops sit in the House of Lords, and are honoured with ancient titles. Both are conservative and resistant to any change. They wear horse-hair wigs or nylon wigs and flowing gowns since medieval up to nowadays.
The conservatism of English lawyers is demonstrated in their strict division into solicitors and barristers – found only in New Zealand, South Africa, New South Wales and Great Britain. Only solicitors are allowed to deal directly with the public. They perform all routine business, but when they pass the case to the courts they must employ a barrister to plead.
A barrister must have an educational standard and pass the legal examinations conducted by the Council of Legal Education. After that he must become a member of the Inns of Court.When he has already some practice the barrister may apply to the Lord Chancellor for a patent appointing him a Queen’s Counsel. This procedure is called "taking the silk". The highest judicial appointments are made from barristers, who have become Queen’s Council. The work of a barrister is controlled by the General Council of the Bar, but disciplinary powers are passed exclusively to the Senate of the Inns of Court.
Solicitors are examined by the Law Society (the professional organisation of solicitors) and they enter into "articles of clerkship" (that is go through the period of training) with a practising solicitor of not less than five years. The term of articles may last 3 or 5 years depending upon the educational qualifications of the student. After that an articled clerk pass the necessary examinations held by the Law Society and begins his professional career. Since that time he becomes a member of the Law Society.
Half the barristers in Britain work in one of the 4 Inns of Court: Gray’s Inn, Lincoln’s Inn, the Middle Temple and the Inner Temple. They work in groups of 6 or more in "chambers" with great stone steps and their names written in elegant 13-th century letters. The Inns are privileged and snobbish clubs which are very proud of the prestige. The oldest and the richest is Inner Temple which has produced the largest number of judges. The Middle Temple is less exclusive, across the road – Lincoln’s Inn for Chancery lawyers and Gray’s Inn the newest of them, which is known for its number of provincial barristers.
The Inns like Oxford colleges have large powers: they are responsible for admission, discipline and promotion. They are a kind of medieval republican oligarchy, the last to be found in Europe. They have much land but nobody knows the real size of their wealth because they never publish the information of their accounts. The Inns are among the most absurd anachronisms in Britain.
What is international humanitarian law all about?
The purpose of international humanitarian law is to limit and prevent human suffering in times of armed conflict. The essence and core of this law is enshrined in the four Geneva Conventions and their two Additional Protocols. Today virtually all the countries in the world are party to the Geneva Conventions.
The four Geneva Conventions of 1949 are applicable to international armed conflicts. They stipulate that civilians and people who are no longer taking an active part in the hostilities, such as wounded or captured combatants, must be spared. They also set out the role the ICRC – the initiator of contemporary humanitarian law – plays in alleviating human suffering. In addition, Article 3 common to all four Conventions authorizes the ICRC to offer its services in the event of non-international armed conflict and accords minimum protection to the victims of such situations.
The protection provided by the Conventions applies to the following categories of persons:
First Convention
wounded and sick members of the armed forces in the field;
Second Convention
wounded, sick, and shipwrecked members of the armed forces at sea;
Third Convention
prisoners of war;
Fourth Convention
civilians in times of war.
The two Additional Protocols of 1977 supplement the Conventions which aim to limit the use of violence and protect the civilian population, by strengthening the rules governing the conduct of hostilities.
Although the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols provide a comprehensive framework for international humanitarian law, there are new areas that have to be explored and developed as the nature of warfare changes. The ICRC, being the guardian of international humanitarian law, is also responsible for its development. To this end, its legal experts organize and participate in meetings and conferences aimed at improving the protection of war victims. Banning the use of certain weapons, such as anti-personnel landmines and blinding weapons, is among the issues currently being examined.
Sadly, however good the law is in theory, in practice it is often blatantly disregarded, deliberately flouted, or its very existence is unknown. Making both armed forces and civilians aware of the law is the first and essential step in the right direction.