III. Remember the following word combinations

to be busy with – заниматься чем-либо

in order to – чтобы, для того чтобы

to bear in mind – иметь в виду, помнить

to start up – начинать.

IV. Listen, read and translate the text business planning

The aim of any business is to derive profit. But the other side of profit may be loss. Profit is the return on investment and the reward for taking risk in starting your own business. In order to make equilibrium between profit and loss it is necessary to develop financial plan. Firstly, it is necessary to estimate: 1) start – up expenses (onetime cost); 2) operating expenses (profit and loss); 3) cash flow; 4) break – even point; 5) the value of ownership equity.

Estimating onetime start – up costs should include:

Licenses and permits

Decorating and remodeling

Fixtures (cases, lighting, etc)

Equipment (including office equipment)

Machinery

Installation fees

Lease deposits

Utility deposits (electricity, phone, heat)

Starting inventory

Legal fees, accounting fees

Grand opening advertising and promotion

Operating cash

Reserve for unexpected costs

Other (various items)

Total

Operating expenses are the everyday costs of running business. They may fluctuate but there are fixed costs including such items as rent, insurance, basic advertising, heat and light, property taxes, licence fees. Thus, operating expenses should be stated in the following way:

Wages, salaries, benefits

Rent for premises

Taxes and licenses

Advertising

Insurance

Telephone

Heat

Utilities: gas, electricity, sewer, water-supply

Maintenance, trash removal

Delivery transportation

Supplies

Legal and accounting fees

Dues: subscriptions

Travel and entertainment

Office supplies, postage

A cash flow planning allows to forecast the actual cash flow into and out of the business over a given period. Cash flow may be affected by start – up costs. Cash flow projection should include the following:

cash in bank (start of month)

small cash

total cash

expected cash sales

expected collections

total receipts

total cash and receipts

all disbursements

cash balance at end of month

Beside minding your cash flow it is necessary to calculate break – even point, the efficiency of the business. By calculating break – even point you need to bear in mind that there are fixed and variable costs. The former do not change as your business volume increases or decreases (rent, salaries, utilities during vacation, leaves and so on).Variable costs are changeable (shipping and delivery expenses, selling increase or decrease). Thus, break – even point may be calculated by mathematical formula:

BE =	PC	where
	,
	SP – VC

where BE is break – even point in units of products;

where PC is total fixed costs;

where SP is selling price of one unit;

where VC is total variable costs.

The last stage of the business plan is the value of ownership equity. The owner's equity consists of assets (the property of the business) and liabilities (debts). For calculation of your equity it is necessary to prepare a balance sheet:

Left: Assets (current assets:)	Right: Liabilities (current liabilities)
Cash in bank Petty cash Accounts receivable Merchandise inventories	Accounts payable Payroll taxes Sales taxes

Fixed assets	Long term liabilities
Land Building Delivery equipment Furniture and fixtures Depreciation Leaseholding Total fixed assets	Capital Proprietor's capital Net profit for the period Increase in capital Total capital end of period Total liabilities and capital