- •Л. И. Воскресенская, э. Г. Беззатеева
- •Business issues
- •Проблемы бизнеса
- •Учебное пособие по деловому английскому языку для студентов экономических специальностей
- •Contents
- •Введение
- •Глава IV состоит из 2 разделов и касается таких понятий, как спрос и предложение, здесь же дается определение такого понятия как равновесная цена.
- •Part I. Business
- •III. Read the following verbs and verbal phrases and pay attention to the prepositions used after them
- •IV. Listen, read and translate the text management
- •Grammar practice
- •IX. Translate the following sentences into English
- •X. Answer the questions about the text
- •XI. Find in the dictionary the definitions of the synonyms with the meaning of «управлять, руководить»
- •XII. Read the text and divide it into some meaningful parts, giving the proper title to each of them general concept on management
- •XIII. Write a summary of the text
- •XV. Work in groups of two or three, talk about management
- •Chapter 2. Marketing
- •Grammar practice
- •VIII. Translate the following sentences into English
- •IX. Answer the questions about the text
- •X. Find in the dictionary the definitions of the synonyms with the meaning of «прибыль, доход»
- •XI. Read the text and divide it into some meaningful parts, giving the proper title to each of them
- •XII. Write a summary of the text
- •Speaking
- •XIII. Practice talking about the following situations
- •XIV. Work in pairs of two or three and talk about marketing
- •Chapter 3. Types of enterprises
- •Grammar practice
- •VIII. Translate the following sentences into English
- •IX. Answer the questions to the text
- •X. Find in the dictionary the definition of the synonyms with the meaning of:
- •XI. Read the text and divide it into some meaningful parts giving the proper title to each of them which is better – to buy an existing firm or start
- •XII. Write a summary of the text
- •IV. Define the part of speech of the following words
- •V. Make nouns of these verbs
- •VI. Listen, read and translate the text sole proprietor
- •Grammar practice
- •X. Match the synonyms
- •XI. Match the antonyms
- •XII. Make up antonyms of the words given using proper prefixes
- •XIV. Make up sentences using the following words
- •XVI. Put questions to the words in italics
- •XVII. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form
- •XVIII. Answer the following questions
- •XIX. Read and translate the text and define the advantages and drawbacks of the business organization in question partnership
- •XX. Make up a summary of the text.
- •III. Listen, read and translate the text joint stock company
- •Grammar practice
- •VIII. Write down 6 – 7 questions to the text above.
- •III. Read the following verbs and verbal phrases and pay attention to the prepositions used after them
- •Initial representation
- •Further discussions
- •Choice of partners
- •Local management
- •Partnership
- •Financial considerations
- •Legal and other fees
- •Grammar practice
- •IX. Translate the following sentences into English
- •X. Answer the questions about the text
- •XI. Find in the dictionary the definitions of the synonyms with the meaning of «заем»
- •XII. Read the text and divide it into some meaningful parts, giving the proper title to each of them transfer of technology
- •XIII. Write a summary of the text
- •XIV. Reproduce the main text using the words given in Exercises I, II, III.
- •XV. Practice talking about the following situations
- •XVI. Work in groups of two or three, talk about joint venture activity
- •Section 3.5. Business planning key vocabulary
- •I. Remember the correct pronunciation of these words
- •II. Learn the following English terms and their Russian equivalents. Give your own sentences with them
- •III. Remember the following word combinations
- •IV. Listen, read and translate the text business planning
- •Grammar practice
- •X. Translate the following sentences into English
- •XI. Answer the questions about the text
- •XII. Find in the dictionary the definitions of the synonyms with the meaning of «расход, издержки»
- •XIII. Read the text and divide it into some meaningful parts, giving the proper title to each of them the stages of a business
- •XIV. Write a summary of the text according to the following plan
- •Speaking
- •XV. Reproduce the main text using the words given in exercises I, II, III.
- •XVI. Practice talking about
- •Chapter 4. Banks and money section 4.1. Money key vocabulary
- •I. Remember the correct pronunciation of these words
- •II. Read and translate the following groups of words
- •III. Remember the words and word combinations given
- •IV. Define the part of speech
- •V. Make nouns of the following verbs
- •VI. Listen, read and translate the text money and its functions
- •The functions of money
- •Grammar practice
- •XIII. Match the synonyms
- •XIV. Find antonyms among the words below
- •XV. Translate the word combinations given from Russian into English
- •XVI. Make up sentences using the following groups of words
- •XVII. Fill in the gaps with proper prepositions
- •XVIII. Make questions to the words in italics
- •XIX. Fill in the gaps using the verbs given in brackets
- •Speaking
- •XXIII. Work in pairs
- •XXIV. Discuss in groups advantages and drawbacks of different forms of money.
- •III. Read the following verbal phrases and pay attention to the prepositions used after them
- •IV. Listen, read and translate the text the commercial banks
- •Grammar practice
- •IX. Translate the following sentences into English
- •X. Answer the questions about the text
- •The foreign exchange market
- •XIV. Write a summary of the text
- •XV. Practice talking about the following situations
- •XVI. Work in groups of two or three, talk about banking and payment
- •Section 4.3. Inflation
- •IV. Define the part of speech of the following words
- •V. Make nouns of the following verbs
- •VI. Listen, read and translate the text types of inflation
- •Grammar practice
- •XII. Match the synonyms
- •XIX. Put question to the words in italics
- •XX. Fill in the blanks using the necessary forms of the verbs given in brackets
- •Speaking
- •XXIV. Work in pairs
- •Grammar practice
- •X. Translate the following sentences into English
- •XI. Answer the questions about the text
- •XII. Find in the dictionary the definitions of the following synonyms with the meaning of «показ; демонстрация»
- •XIII. Read the text and divide it into some meaningful parts giving the proper title to each of them rules and regulations
- •XIV. Write a summary of the text with to the following phrases
- •Speaking
- •XV. Reproduce the main text, using the words given in exercises I, II, III.
- •XVI. Practice talking about the folloving situations
- •XVII. Work in groups of two or three, talk about your firm's participation in the exhibition, using the information about conditions of participation
- •Chapter 6. Business contacts
- •Grammar practice
- •XI. Translate the following sentences into English
- •XII. Answer the questions about the text
- •XV. Write a summary of the text with the following phrases
- •Speaking
- •XVI. Reproduce the main text, using the words given in exercises I, II, III.
- •XVII. Work in groups of two or three, talk about business matters
- •XVIII. Practice talking about:
- •Languge practice
- •V. Look through the text to find English equivalents of the following terms and give your sentences with them
- •VI. Find in the text the sentences that correspond to the following statements
- •VII. Translate the following sentences into English
- •VIII. Answer these questions about the text
- •IX. Find in the dictionary the definitions of the synonyms with the meaning of
- •X. Read the text and divide it into some meaningful parts, giving the proper title to each of them
- •Articles
- •XI. Write a summary of the text
- •Speaking
- •XII. Reproduce the main text, using the words given in exercises I, II, III.
- •XIII. Work in groups of two or three, talk about contracts and agreements
- •XIV. Practise talking about:
- •III. Listen, read and translate the text business letter
- •IV. Find in the text some sentences in the Active Voice, copy them into your exercise books, give simple grammar analysis of these sentences.
- •IX. Answer the questions about the text
- •X. Study the contents of business letters
- •XI. Find in the dictionary the definitions of the synonyms with the meaning of «удобство»
- •XII. Read the text, divide it into some meaningful parts giving the proper title to each of them
- •XIII. Write a summary of the text
- •XIV. Read and learn the registration form, the application for accommodation, the layout of the letter, the order form for catalogue and some samples of letters Registration Form
- •Accommodation
- •The layout of the letter
- •The Samples of Letter
- •2. Text of entry 2. Текст
- •XVI. Write the letters using the samples given in exercise хv
- •Speaking
- •II. Read and translate the following words
- •Grammar practice
- •XIII. Fill in the gaps with the verbs given in brackets
- •XIV. Response on the following
- •XV. Make up questions to the following sentences
- •XVI. Translate from Russian into English
- •XVII. Write an abstract of the text
- •III. Listen, read and translate the text scarcity and choice
- •Grammar practice
- •XI. Join the sentence halves below
- •XII. Answer the question below
- •XIII. Translate from Russian into English
- •XIV. Write an abstract of the text
- •II. Read and translate the following words
- •Grammar practice
- •XVI. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs given in brackets
- •XVII. Answer the questions
- •XVIII. Translate from Russian into English
- •Speaking
- •II. Translate and remember the following word combinations
- •Grammar practice
- •IX. Answer the questions
- •X. Translate from Russian into English
- •Speaking
- •III. Find the English equivalents to the following word expressions
- •IV. Listen, read and translate the text what is macroeconomics?
- •Grammar practice
- •Speaking
- •II. Find the equivalents to the following word combinations
- •III. Give the English for the following
- •IV. Listen, read and translate the text microeconomics
- •Grammar practice
- •XII. Match the terms and their definitions
- •XIII. Answer the following questions for general understanding
- •XIV. Translate into Russian
- •XV. Translate from Russian into English
- •XVI. Writing a summary is a useful activity to prepare for any oral task such as retelling or discussion.
- •Grammar practice
- •XI. Translate into Russian
- •XII. Translate from Russian into English
- •II. Read and translate the groups of words given
- •The demand for and the supply of chocolate
- •Grammar practice
- •XI. Make up questions to the following sentences
- •XII. Answer the following questions for general understanding
- •XIII. Read each statement given and decide which of the following is not true
- •XIV. Translate from Russian into English
- •XV. Look through the text once again and write a summary of this text
- •Speaking
- •XVI. Work in small groups. Think about examples of storable commodities, decide whether it is necessary in some economies to stock them and present your ideas to the class
- •XVII. Work in pairs. Read the information given below and think of and discuss the examples of the Giffen and the Veblen effects
- •XVIII. Make a brief report on the subject: «Demand and supply,and the Market»
- •II. Match each expression with its meaning
- •III. Read and translate the groups of words
- •IV. Translate the word combinations from Russian into English
- •V. Listen, read and translate the text the limiting cases of market structure
- •Grammar practice
- •X. Read each statement below and decide which of the following is not true
- •XI. Make up questions to the following sentences
- •XII. Answer the following questions
- •XIII. Translate from Russian into English
- •XIV. Write a summary to the text above
- •II. Translate the word combinations from English into Russian
- •Grammar practice
- •XII. Join the halves of the sentences below
- •XIII. Make up questions to the following sentences
- •XIV. Answer the following questions
- •XV. Translate from Russian into English
- •Speaking
- •Grammar practice
- •X. Fill in the gaps with the verbs given in brackets
- •XI. Answer the following questions
- •XII. Translate from Russian into English
- •Speaking
- •II Guess the meaning of the following word combinations from the text
- •III. Give English for the following
- •IV. Listen, read and translate the text oligopoly
- •Grammar practice
- •Exercises
- •I. Open the brackets using the verbs in one of the following tenses: the Present Continuous, Present Simple, Past Simple or Future Simple
- •II. Open the brackets using the verbs in one of the following tenses: the Present Continuous, Present Simple, Past Indefinite or Future Simple
- •III. Open the brackets using the verbs in one of the following tenses: the Present Continuous or Past Continuous
- •IV. Open the brackets using the verbs in one of the following tenses: the Past Simple or Past Continuous
- •V. Open the brackets using the verbs in one of the following tenses: the Present, Past, Future Simple, Present, Past Continuous
- •VI. Open the brackets using the verbs in the following tenses: the Past Simple or Present Perfect
- •VII. Open the brackets using the verbs in the following tenses: the Past Simple or Present Perfect
- •VIII. Open the brackets using the verbs in the following tenses: the Past Simple or Past Perfect
- •IX. Open the brackets using the verbs in one of the following tenses: the Past Simple, Past Continuous or Past Perfect
- •X. Open the brackets using the verbs in one of the following tenses: the Present Perfect, Past Simple, Past Continuous or Past Perfect
- •XI. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present, Past or Future Perfect Continuous Tense
- •XII. Form the questions with the question word given
- •XIII. Translate into English
- •Section 1.2. The passive voice
- •Exercises
- •I. Answer the following questions
- •II. Transform the sentences from Active into Passive
- •III. Fill in each blank with the necessary form of the verb in the Passive Voice
- •IV. Put questions to the words given in bold type
- •V. Translate the following sentences into Russian
- •VI. Translate into English
- •VII. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense-form
- •VIII. Transfer the verbs in brackets into the correct tense form
- •IX. Translate from Russian into English
- •X. Translate into Russian
- •Complex Subject
- •Exercises
- •I. Translate from English into Russian
- •II. Translate from Russian into English using Complex Object where necessary
- •III. Translate from Russian into English using Complex Object
- •IV. Translate from English into Russian and underline Complex Object
- •V. Transfer complex sentences into simple ones using Complex Subject and translate them
- •VI. Translate into Russian
- •VII. Translate sentences using Complex Subject
- •Participle constructions
- •Exercises
- •V. Translate into English using the Objective Participial Construction
- •VI. Translate into Russian paying attention to the Absolute Participle Construction
- •VII. Translate into Russian, define the form and the function of the Participle
- •VIII. Translate into English
- •IX. Translate into Russian keeping the rule of translation of the Absolute Participle Construction
- •Complex gerund construction
- •I. Transfer the verb in brackets into the form of Gerund using the corresponding preposition
- •II. Change the subordinate clauses with the Gerund using the corresponding preposition where necessary
- •III. Translate into English using the Gerund
- •IV. Transfer subordinate clauses into the complex Gerund Constructions using the corresponding preposition
- •V. Translate into English with the help of the corresponding preposition
- •Tests tests to part I test I (chapters 1 – 3)
- •1. Упорядочение
- •2. Соответствие
- •3. Поле ввода
- •4. Заполнить пропуски. Завершите следующие фразы подходящим высказыванием:
- •5. Несколько полей ввода (вопрос – ответ)
- •Test II (chapters 4 – 8)
- •1. Упорядочение (распределение синонимов по группам)
- •2. Соответствие
- •3. Поле ввода
- •4. Заполнить пропуски. Завершите следующие фразы подходящим высказыванием:
- •5. Несколько полей ввода (вопрос – ответ)
- •Tests to part II test I (chapters 1 – 3)
- •1. Упорядочение по группам (объедините в группы слова близкие по значению по разделам a, b, c, d, e)
- •2. Соответствие в парах: соотнести английский вариант с русским
- •3. Поле ввода
- •4. Дайте развернутый ответ по ситуации
- •Test II (chapters 4 – 5)
- •1. Упорядочение: расположить по группам (объедините в группы слова близкие по значению: a, b, c, d, e)
- •2. Соответствие в парах: соотнести английский вариант с русским
- •3. Поле ввода
- •4. Найдите область на рисунке
- •5. Дайте развернутый ответ по ситуации
- •Answer keys to tests
- •Библиографический список
XIII. Translate from Russian into English
Потребности человека обеспечивают мотив для экономической деятельности.
Предполагается, что индивиды желают пользоваться как можно большим благосостоянием.
Ни потребности человека, ни его способность производить товары и услуги не являются постоянными.
Постоянное увеличение запросов, возможно, находиться в природе человечества.
Увеличение запросов может также искусственно стимулироваться современной рекламой.
Мы можем иметь больше предмета А, имея при этом меньше предмета Б.
Каждый индивид вынужден делать выбор, потому что мы не можем получить сразу всего чего мы хотели бы.
Общество в целом сталкивается с той же самой проблемой.
Производительные мощности любой страны ограничены.
Если часть ресурсов направлена на производство одного товара, то общество должно поступиться производством другого товара, который оно могло бы произвести.
Общество должно решить, как распределить ресурсы для различного использования, а затем и как распределить произведенные товары и услуги между отдельными членами общества.
Существует три основных проблемы, которые должны решаться обществом: 1) какие товара производить и в каком количестве; 2) как производить товары и услуги и 3) как товары и услуги должны быть распределены.
XIV. Write an abstract of the text
Tip:
SPEAKING
XV. Role – play
XVI. Draw a diagram indicating the three basic problems of economics and try to speak about each one in 4 or 5 sentences.
XVII. Making a report. Prepare a 3 minutes report on the topic «The Economic Problem»
Tip:
CHAPTER 2. ECONOMIC SYSTEM
SECTION 2.1. THE ROLE OF THE MARKET
KEY VOCABULATY
I. Read and remember the words below
stock market [stƆk 'ma:kІt] – фондовый рынок
transact [træn'zækt] – осуществлять сделку
consumption [kən'sΛmp∫n] – потребление
alternative goods [əl'tə:nətІv gudz] – альтернативные товары
reconcile [rІkən'saІl] – применить, согласовать
adjustment [ə'dʒΛstmənt] – регулирование, поправка
ensure [Іn'∫ua] – гарантировать, обеспечивать
counter ['kauntə] – прилавок
luxury lunch ['lΛk∫ərІ lΛn t∫] – роскошный обед
cattle [kætl] – рогатый скот
contract [kən'trækt] – зд. подхватывать (о болезни)
II. Read and translate the following words
remote, decision, resource, labour, scarce, steak, favour, satisfy, executive, conversely, hamburger.
III. Read the following groups of words and use them to make sentences
bring together, local fruit stall, meet physically, to be transacted over, shorthand expression, scarce resources, limited resources, to satisfy one`s appetite, expense accounts, adjustments in prices.
IV. Define the part of speech of the following words
conversely, owner, allocate, unskilled, running, scarcity.
V. Make nouns of these verbs
transact, control, reconcile, adjust, produce, pay, encourage
VI. Find antonyms for the words given below
profitable, skilled, satisfy, paid, increase, buy, hard, cheap, solve, allocate, buyer, convenient, question, possible, production, reduce, encourage.
VII. Listen, read and translate the text
THE ROLE OF THE MARKET
Markets bring together buyers and sellers of goods and services. In some cases, such as a local fruit stall, buyers and sellers meet physically. In other cases, such as the stock market, business can be transacted over the telephone, almost by remote control. We need not go into these details. Instead, we use a general definition of markets.
A market is a shorthand expression for the process by which households' decisions about consumption of alternative goods, firms' decisions about what and how to produce, and workers' decisions about how much and for whom to work are all reconciled by adjustment of prices.
Prices of goods, and of resources, such as labour, machinery and land, adjust to ensure that scarce resources are used to produce these goods and services that society demands.
Much of economics is devoted to the study of how markets and prices enable society to solve the problems of what, how, and for whom to produce. Suppose you buy a hamburger for your lunch. What does this have to do with markets and prices? You chose the cafe because it was fast, convenient and cheap. Given your desire to eat, and your limited resources, the low hamburger price told you that this was a good way to satisfy your appetite. You probably prefer steak but that is more expensive. The price of steak is high enough to ensure that society answers the «for whom» question about lunchtime steaks in favour of someone else.
Now think about the seller's viewpoint. The cafe owner is in the business because, given the price of hamburger meat, the rent and the wages that must be paid, it is still possible to sell hamburgers at a profit. If rents were higher, it might be more profitable to sell hamburgers in a cheaper area or to switch to luxury lunches for rich executives on expense accounts. The student behind the counter is working there because it is a suitable part-time job which pays a bit of money. If the wage were much lower it would hardly be worth working at all. Conversely, the job is unskilled and there are plenty of students looking for such work, so owners of cafes do not have to offer very high wages.
Prices are guiding your decision to buy a hamburger, the owner's decision to sell hamburgers, and the student's decision to take the job. Society is allocating resources – meat, buildings, and labour – into hamburger production through the price system. If nobody liked hamburgers, the owner could not sell enough at a price that covered the cost of running the cafe and society would devote no resources to hamburger production. People's desire to eat hamburgers guides resources into hamburger production. However, if cattle contracted a disease, thereby reducing the economy's ability to produce meat products, competition to purchase more scarce supplies of beef would bid up the price of beef, hamburger producers would be forced to raise prices, and consumers would buy more cheese sandwiches. Adjustments in prices would encourage society to reallocate resources to reflect the increased scarcity of cattle.