XV. Translate from Russian into English

1. Отрасли экономики классифицируются согласно используемому подходу или методологии.

2. Традиционно подходы к классификации отрасли экономики делятся на макроэкономический и микроэкономический.

3. Одна из сложных отраслей микроэкономики называется теорией общего равновесия.

4. Теория общего равновесия одновременно рассматривает совокупное поведение покупателей, совокупное производство и совокупное потребление каждого товара на каждом рынке.

5. Изучая одновременно каждый рынок, мы можем представить модель производства, обмена и потребления в целом в экономике в определенный момент времени.

XVI. Writing a summary is a useful activity to prepare for any oral task such as retelling or discussion.

Tip:

SPEAKING

XVII. Imagine, you are a participant at a scientific conference on economics. You have to make a 3 minutes report on the topic «Macro – and Microeconomics»

Tip:

CHAPTER 4. DEMAND AND SUPPLY, AND THE MARKET

SECTION 4.1. THE MARKET

KEY VOCABULARY

I. Read and remember the following words

demand [dІ'mand] – спрос

supply [səp'laІ] – предложение

arrangement [ə'reІndʒmənt] – устройство, организация

adopt [ə'dƆpt] – приспосабливать

stall [stƆ:l] – ларек, прилавок, лавка, киоск, палатка

operate ['ƆpəreІt] – работать, функционировать, управлять, действовать

on behalf of [Ɔn bІha:f Ɔv] – от имени

superficially [̗sjupə'fІ∫ІəlІ] – поверхностно

ensure ['Іn∫uə] – обеспечивать, гарантировать

interaction [̗Іntə'ræk∫n] – взаимодействие

essential [̗І'sen∫(ə)l] – существенный

II. Find equivalents in Russian

resource allocation, stock the shelves, make a purchase, antique auctions, to perform the same economic function, to be considered separately, greatly exceed, guide society.

III. Give English for the following

посредник, осуществлять коммерческую сделку, предоставить потребителям выбор, назначать цену, определять цены, установление, модель типичного рынка, поведение продавцов, поведение покупателей, способствовать встрече.

IV. Listen, read and translate the text

THE MARKET

We defined markets in a very general way as arrangements through which prices guide resource allocation. We now adopt a narrower definition.

A market is a set of arrangements by which buyers and sellers are in contact to exchange goods or services.

Some markets (shops and fruit stalls) physically bring together the buyer and the seller. Other markets (the London Stock Exchange) operate chiefly through intermediaries (stockbrokers) who transact business on behalf of clients. In supermarkets, sellers choose the price, stock the shelves, and leave customers to choose whether or not to make a purchase. Antique auctions force buyers to bid against each other with the seller taking a passive role.

Although superficially different, these markets perform the same economic function. They determine prices that ensure that the quantity people wish to buy equals the quantity people wish to sell. Price and quantity cannot be considered separately. In establishing that the price of a Rolls-Royce is ten times the price of a small Ford, the market for motor cars simultaneously ensures that production and sales of small Fords will greatly exceed the production and sale of Rolls-Royces. These prices guide society in choosing what, how, and for whom to purchase.

To understand this process more fully, we require a model of a typical market. The essential features on which such a model must concentrate are demand, the behaviour of buyers, and supply, the behaviour of sellers. Then it is possible to study the interaction of these forces to see how a market works in practice.