2. The policy of Soviet government in the field of culture in 1920-1930ss years: achievements and failures.

The decline of the socio-economic system, the famine of 1921-22., A policy of genocide led to the need for new policies. During the NEP, the improved economic situation, its multi-layered(многоуровневость) Simultaneously, loss of cultural and national values, helped by center. Subsidence(оседание), Maliy October, forced eradication of identity. The genocide led to a catastrophic reduction in the ethnic group. During the collectivization falling population, reduced the number of Kazakh population. Removal of the Kazakh language of the publications, the introduction of the Cyrillic alphabet. 1937-38. massive repression of the cultural eliteю The repression of the Kazakh intelligentsia. 1937 - Constitution of the Kazakh SSR. But the real independence, Kazakhstan has not received. These years of intense and widespread dissemination of the totalitarian regime in all spheres of social and political life. State of the Union Republic and at the same time an ideological press. 1919 - signed a decree on the eradication of illiteracy, produced textbooks in Kazakh language. To prepare teachers were created permanent and long-term courses. On the one hand the years of achievements in education, literature and art, the other dilute national culture, separation from national roots(корней). Waves of the totalitarian regime destroyed many representatives of the Kazakh intelligentsia.

Question card № 15

1. The towns and urban culture of Kazakhstan in Medieval Ages (VI – XII cc.)

Southern Kazakhstan and Zhetysu throughout the Middle Ages were the centers of urban culture. The most flourishing cities of the region is in VII-XIII centuries. During this period, there are several major development centers of urban culture:

The average period, the lower reaches of the Syr Darya, Zhetysu south-west, north-east Zhetysu, Ertisa Valley, Central Kazakhstan. Ispidzhab - Arabic historian al-Makdisi: "... largest city. There is a covered market, the market and canvas cathedral mosque. They say that in 1700 there Rabat. It is a glorious border fortress. The city is clean, pleasant life." Otrar (Farabi, Tarban, Turar) was founded in the early V-VI centuries. His government minted its own coins. Taraz - As a big city was first mentioned in sources dating from VII century. Member of the West-Turkic, and then Turkeshskogo Karlukskogo Kaganate, was the capital Karahanidskogo state.

For its time the city a high standard of improvement. The houses have sewer and heating systems. The normal way of life for the large cities have piped water. Each city had a public bath. Archeologists note the high culture of the townspeople in the construction of a bath. The medieval town consisted of several parts. The center usually has a citadel, or castle, where the seat of the government. Citadel surrounded Shahristan - an area inhabited by the urban nobility, wealthy merchants and farmers, clergy, members of the military. Around Shahristan posted trade craft suburb, rabady, where the main population of the city lived. In addition to their own town in the district were small settlements. In X-XII centuries. Kazakhstan witnessed a rapid growth of cities and human settlements. There are a number of new cities Krachuk, Karnak, Kayalyk, Iki-Oguz, Ashnas, Barchynlykent. A. Zubovsky indicated that in an era Karahanidov central city of Ani and Kazakhstan exceeded the number of cities in Europe. Unnecessarily, in Merwe and Samarkand in X. population exceeds 200 000 chaovek. The development of the city at that time showed the emergence of monumental structures, such as the mausoleum of Aisha-Bibi, Karahan, Babaji Khatun, who were in Taraz, mausoleum Sfyltam - in the lower reaches of the Syr Darya, the mausoleum Dombaul - in Central Kazakhstan.

Kazakhstan in the Middle Ages was one of the regions with the development of urban civilization, high culture prodskoy life.