2. The cultivation of the Virgin Lands: the projects and results.

The development of virgin and fallow land: plans and results. With the growing population in the early 50's he country experienced a severe food crisis. In this regard, the course was taken at the plowing of the huge land areas in the east - the development of new ground. It was the extensive model solution to the problem. In 1954-1960 he was was plowed 25.5 million hectares. Development of virgin implemented primarily through the involvement of labor from other countries. Thanks to the grain production per capita has increased in the first years (1957-1958 years) have felt the adverse environmental effects, grain yield decreased rapidly. In the 1957-1958 biennium. the process of blowing soil by wind erosion. Giant plowing, increasing aridity. Economic feasibility, statistics are not carried out. Excessive costs, to attract workers. Energy costs (fuel and lubricants, the scope of Earth). The emergence of cities, infrastructure, the internationalization of public life. Population growth through migration. Areas of sources of work, of labor in trudonedostatochnye, shortage of labor. Uncontrolled migration, lowering the proportion of indigenous population by 30%. The threat of Kazakh language and ethnic group. In virgin areas etnokontaktnaya zone was formed to accelerate the process of internationalization of public life. In general, plowing new ground was not the only possible way out of crisis: increase in yield in the country even at 1 hundredweight for their results would have been tantamount to development of virgin.

Question card № 22

1. Abu’ l Khayr’s Khanate (“the State of Nomadic Uzbeks”).

Abulkhair Khanate (Khanate of nomadic Uzbeks). Khanate Abulkhair not a centralized state, is divided into several etnoterritorialnyh, ethno-political groups, holdings (uluses) led by chingizidami different lines. Usobitsami and war filled the entire period of Abulkhair Khan. 1428 - Khan elected descendant Dzhuchi - Shaybonid Abulkhair. First Capital Abulkhair - City Tour. 1442 - won Sygnak became the new capital. Winning the city handed out used his tribal leaders. Area: from Yaika (west) to the Balkhash (in the east) in 1457 Abulkhair Khan Syganakom suffered under the brutal defeat of Oyrat. In the late 50-early 60's. XV century. in the western part of Mogulistana Abulkhair otkochevala of tribes headed by the sultans and Zhanibekov Kireyev, against whom he has made campaign in 1468, but died on the road. After the death of Khan Abulkhair state broke.

2. The agriculture of Kazakhstan in 1970-1980 years.

The economy of Kazakhstan, was in considerable distortions in the structure of the economy. 1). Clearly marked commodity oriented industry in Kazakhstan. Priority obtained development of fuel-energy complex, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical industries. As a result, a relatively high share of the extractive industry sector (in 1986 -14.7% versus 9% for the USSR), while, for example, the share of engineering industries in total industrial production was 7% (27.4% in the USSR) . The country is almost absent enterprises producing high-technology products. 2). Exported from the territory of Kazakhstan, as a rule, cheap raw materials and imported finished products are expensive. Commodities imported in Kazakhstan to 60%. Hence - off balance sheet value of import - export. Republic of exported products to 8 billion rubles. and imported 16 billion in 3). On the territory of Kazakhstan has deployed an extensive infrastructure of the military-industrial complex, which includes almost all cycles of the creation of nuclear weapons - from mining uranium to weapons testing. The country had about 50 defense value. | | Every year, Kazakhstan's economy has developed based on extensive factors. For all the industries of the national economy was characterized by highly non-resource, low labor productivity in agriculture - low yields and productivity of livestock. In the 70-80 years in Kazakhstan were unprofitable 1 / 3 sovkhozes and 1 / 5 of the collective farms, and in 1981-1985 he was losses were 53% of state farms and collective farms. Continued to operate expensive machinery. Sales price does not even reimburse the cost of production of meat of cattle, pork, milk and dairy products, vegetables, sugar beets, wool. Soviet Union remained the largest importer of food. For 70-80 years Soviet imports of agricultural products rose from 2.6 billion U.S. From 1970-1972 he was to 19 billion dollars in the years 1981-1985.