Question card № 6

1. Turks in the history of Eurasia. Turkic and Western Turkic Khanates (politic and social history, economy).

In 542, in Chinese sources described the attacks of Turks in China. The Chinese thought the Turks descended hunnu. Turks came from the Altai, the tribe broke the accident and was founded by the Turkic Kaganat (551-603 gg.). The leader of the Turks Bumyn took the title of Kagan in 551 g. 552 g. Bumyn died. His successor: Kara-Kagan (552-553), Mukan - Kagan (553-572), later - Taspar-Kagan (572-581) - have been successful. Won the peoples of Central Asia, the Turks moved to Central Asia, where the territory of East Turkistan to the Caspian Sea were eftalitov ownership. As he 561 -563. Mugano-Kagan concluded an alliance with Iran against eftalitov, and they were divided. Turks became masters of the Silk Road. Then the Turks have entered into an alliance with Byzantium against Iran and the Persians to pay tribute. The major line of Turkish policy was east, to China. An effort to consolidate such a diverse in its composition Turkic Kaganat, its rulers, to look at the "great religions". Previously, all these religions in the Turkish elite became popular Buddhism. In the Turkish media is also distributed and Christianity, Zoroastrianism, Judaism. At the same time, the Turks had their own worldview - tengrianstvo or Turkic tengrizm. A Turkic writing. East calendar correctly identifies tengrianskim. In 603 of Turkic Kaganat split into East and West. Eastern Turkic Kaganat located in the territory of Mongolia, and existed before the 628 was then in its territory were uyghur Kagan. Western Turkic Kaganat occupied land from the eastern slopes of Karatau to Dzhungarii. Center it was Semirechje, the capital - the city Suyab. In West-Turkic Kaganat higher dolnosti were based Kagan. Distinguished aristocratic families and associates. Formed state. apparatus. The State has the specific system that led to strife. . The period of flowering of the Western Turkic Kaganate - 1st half VII.No occurred as a result of internecine Semirechje invasion of Chinese troops in the city 657 Office Kaganate was carried out through the Chinese placeman.

2. The political party ‘Alash’, its program aims and activity. The creation of government ‘Alash Orda’.

The meeting passed a series of resolutions that were to serve as the party program this platform was to be put into effect four months hence at an all-union congress scheduled for Turgai on November 21, 1917, when the Kazakh autonomous republic was to be declared. The central plank in the party platform was a plan to redress Kazakh economic grievances. It demanded that further migration into the steppe cease until after a census had been completed and that all confiscated but as yet undistributed land be returned to the previous holder, whether livestock breeder, merchant, or religious institution. All land that had been distributed but not yet ‘worked’ was also to be returned, and further seizures were prohibited. Kazakhs whose private holdings were being cultivated by Russians were to receive equivalent land parcels. All grazing land (that is, lands of common usage) still in the custodianship of the Public Land Fund were to be returned to the communities that traditionally used them; they were to be managed by newly created communal land societies. These provisions were to apply to the Kazakhs of the steppe region the Kazakhs of Turkestan were to be reimbursed through cash payments. The remainder of the program that was adopted by the congress showed how strong the influence of the qazaq intellectuals had been at the session. The delegation sought to curtail sharply the muslim clergy. Women were to receive full legal rights. The payment of kalym was forbidden. All marriages were to be with the consent of the parties involved and both bride and groom must have reached majority. Widows were to be free to remarry as they wished and only a first wife could authorize the polygamy of her husband. The clerically run Kazakh people’s court were to be disbanded and a new legal structure substituted for them, which could include but was not to be dominated by the stituted for them, which could include but was not to be dominated by the clerical establishment. Education was to become mandatory and the responsibility of the civil authorities. The first two grades were to be conducted in Kazakh with the written (Arabic script) language to reflect Kazakh, not tatar spelling. The section on ecclesiastical administration also reflected the delegates’ desire to reduce tatar influence the program supported a call for an independent in orenburg to administer the oblasts of Akmolinsk, semipalatinsk , turgai, uralask, and the Kazakh districts of the Transcaspian oblast.

Kazakh-Kirgiz autonomous region was called Alash, which owned all land water and underground mineral rights in the oblast. The executive bidy of this oblast was to be a provisional people’s soviet to be called Alash Orda which was to consist of 25 members, 10 of them whom would be Russian or other non-kazakh nationalities. In autumn 1917 the Bolsheviks had almost no authority. The establishment of Soviet power was uneven. At the 2 Vsekazahskiy Congress, 5-12 December 1917 in Orenburg, the party turned to the government Alash autonomy. The reasons - growth of anarchy in the cities and villages, threatening the existence of the Kazakhs. Alash Horde was asked to take over all executive power over the Kazakh population. Focused on creation of the Kazakh police. Most Alash, formally endorsing the Soviet government, through its representation pursued a policy of diluting the new government from the inside. Using the weakness of the Soviets, alashordintsy made a step to create a new administrative structure, formed militia units. The beginning of the civil war prevented the establishment of the Kazakh autonomy.