Question card № 30

1. The struggle of a Kazakh people with Zhonghar invasion in XVII-XVIII centuries.

Jungar khanate was centrally nomadic state. Militarily, the Jungar Khanate was a major force. Especially Jungar increased aggression in the 80's of the Hoop century. In 1690-1697 he was and in 1717-1722 he was Jungar khanate led war on medical empire. The first one ended dzhungar defeat, and the second - the signing of peace in 1723 was kept in the memory of people as the «year of the great disaster». Kazakh people had lost about 40% of its composition. The struggle against dzhungar led Bogenbai, Kabanbay, Malaysary, Zhanibek Batyr et al. In the 1726 meeting of representatives of the three areas in zhuzov Ordabasy was created vsekazahskoe militia, led by Khan stood Zhuz Abulkhair Younger (1693-1748). In 1728 the battle in the area of Kara-siyr on the river bank Bulanty Kazakhs won. In 1729, south of Lake Balkhash in the area Anrakay, a new major battle. Dzhungary once again were defeated and retreated, but the Kazakhs are not able to take advantage of this situation .. In 1730 Elder Khan died three zhuzov Bolat, began a struggle for power and vsekazahskoe militia broke. Since then traced two political trends: 1. centralization of power and the struggle for the independence of the Kazakh Khanate (Ablai, 1711-1781) 2.obespechenie strong external support for the Russian state as a condition of preserving the integrity of the Kazakh Khanate (Abulkhair) in the 1739-1741 biennium. dzhungary committed a new campaign against the Kazakhs. In 1745 died Galdan-Tseren. In Jungar khanate were several pretenders to the throne. With the support of medical empire came to power Amursana. In 1755 the emperor was introduced to the medical Dzhungariyu border troops. Amursana their break. The Chinese saw it as a revolt of his subjects, and the emperor ordered the destruction of Dzhungarii. In the 1757-1758 biennium. Jungar khanate disappeared from the political arena, destroyed medical empire.

2. The economics of Kazakhstan in the situation of transition to the market: difficulties, problems, the ways of solution (1991-2007 years).

The first phase (1991-1997). Kazakhstan's economy has begun to reform itself in a deep crisis, involving a violation of the structure of commodity-money relations, low competitiveness, lack of skill of the monetary and customs policy. The country had been strengthened the state border, the armed forces, diplomatic service and other institutions. All this is required to establish by appropriate means. In these circumstances, to ensure consistency and smoothness of the transition was very difficult. Formation of Kazakhstan as an independent state with a market economy has gone through a fundamental change in lifestyle, thinking and acting. In the initial stage of market reforms (1991-1994) the activities of the Government were aimed at liberalizing the economy and creating legal and institutional framework for the market, filling the market of consumer goods. In 1993, the program was adopted by the urgent anti-crisis measures and deepening socio-economic reforms. At the stage of market reforms, intensifying people's standard of living fell dramatically. Government measures to mitigate the decline in real pensions were insufficient because of the deepening economic crisis. The need to create a national army, the arrangement of the border and customs territory, the formation of the diplomatic corps, in terms of reducing the income of state budget financing of social expenditures has been a trend to a substantial reduction. From 1995 to 1997, the main focus of reforms was to ensure macroeconomic stability, improving the legislative framework, financial system, social services and productive sectors, including demonopolization, privatization, bankruptcy and corporate. The second phase (1998-2007) At the end of 1997 was promulgated Development Strategy «Kazakhstan-2030», the preparatory phase of which was 1998-2000, which lays down the implementation of key provisions of the Strategy. The main thrust of economic and social policy in this period was the construction of a model post-development economy based on high rates of development of oil and gas fields to ensure the revival of industries of the oil sector and a significant increase in the income of state budget. During the years 1998-2000 was carried out extensive work on all areas of implementation of state authority. The result was a real Kazakh output from the stage of economic crisis on the trajectory of high economic growth and welfare of the population. The economy of Kazakhstan during the 2001-2007 biennium. had consistently high rates of economic growth, which averaged 10.2% per year. There was a high investment activity. Revenues of State began to receive in full, thus creating the preconditions for the start of the liquidation of debts to the public on pensions, social benefits and wages to employees of budgetary organizations. In 2003, adopted two fundamental document defining the economy of Kazakhstan up to 2015. • Strategy of Industrial-Innovation Development of Kazakhstan for 2003-2015; • State Program for development of oil and gas fields in the Kazakhstan part of Caspian Sea until 2015. In addition, it has taken a number of programs and legislation aimed at improving the competitiveness of the Kazakh economy, including: • the formation and development of the national innovation system; • deepening of social reforms; • development of micro-credit; • development of education in 2005-2010; • informatisation primary schools and secondary vocational education; • development of space industry; • development of housing; • development of securities market; • development of industry of construction materials, products and designs; • development of national systems of standardization and certification; • development of road sector for 2006 -- 2008. Analyzing the Republic of Kazakhstan for the past 15 years of independent development path, it should be noted that during this period was able to successfully resolve several problems related to the political and economic reforms, made significant strides towards building a democratic state with a market economy.