Question card № 31

1. The entrance of Kazakhstan into Russian empire: the main stages and their features (the first third of XVIII- the second half of the XIX centuries).

At the turn of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries Kazakhstan remained politically fragmented. In the early eighteenth century Kazakhstan manifested different political trends: the desire to preserve the independence of Kazakhstan, and the desire to get Russia's support in the fight against Dzhungars. The process of accession of Kazakhstan to Russia lasted for more than 130 years: from 1731 to 1864. On 19 February 1731 the Empress signed a letter of acceptance of the Kazakhs in Russia's citizenship and sent to the headquarters of the Abulkhair the embassy of Tevkelev for registration the legal act. On october 10, in 1731 a large part of the collection elders supported the adoption of an act of the accession Younger Juz to Russia. The immediate result of the adoption of Russia’s citizenship was the orders of the Empress, the Volga banning Kalmyk, Bashkir and Cossacks to go and ruin the Kazakhs by war. Younger Juz's example was also followed by the sultans of the Middle and Senior zhuzes. But actually in the eighteenth century the Senior Horde didn’t become a part of Russia. In 1732, in 1740 a part of Russia became part of the sultans of the Middle Juz. (Abulmambet (1739-1771) Ablay (1711 -1781), and 125 of sultans, chiefs and Knights of Middle Juz and also 165 of the sultans, chiefs and Knights Younger Juz). Strengthening the tsarist military action in the region, the threat of invasion by Ch'ing troops in the territory of Kazakhstan led the powerful sultans with the head of Ablai to take citizenship Ch'ing emperor (in 1757), while saving Russia's citizenship. Ablai strengthened the structure of the Khan's power in the central and south-eastern Kazakhstan for some time. After his death (1881) power was divided (by the will of the Ablai) between Vapi Khan to Wed Zhuze (1781-1821) and Sultan Adil in the Senior Zhuze, who soon took the title of khan (1781-1815). The positions of Russia empire increased in Kazakhstan. The main regions of the North-East and Central Kazakhstan became part of the empire in 20-40 GG Х1Х at the result of political-military tsarism . Part of the Kazakh tribes of southern Kazakhstan took Russia's citizenship in January 1819 and May 1824. With a view to ousting from the region Kokand Beks government began to organize military expeditions in the Trans-Ili region. There were based Fortress Kapal, Lepsinsk, Urdzhar. The main distribution center of Russia's influence has been the strengthening Faithful (1854). The capture of the tsar's troops in Turkestan, Shymkent, Aulie-Ata and other cities and settlements, completed the conquest of southern Kazakhstan Russia.

2. The foreign policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan at the present time.

The principles of balanced, multi-vector foreign policy formulated by President Nursultan Nazarbaev in the early 90's. the last century, confirmed their viability and are the sole basis of our interaction with the international community. Through political methods, we provide a non-presence in Kazakhstan and in the region of the world's leading political and economic powers. Today, Kazakhstan has a strategic partnership with Russia, the United States and China. Russia was, is and will be our key partner and ally. Our bilateral relations are characterized by the magnitude, dynamic and high level of understanding. Between us a unique practice issues on a parity basis, in the interests of both nations. Today we are talking about achieving the level of turnover of 20 billion dollars. In fact, the Kazakh-Russian relations have become the driving force of economic integration processes and the key to stability throughout the CIS. It is also instructive that the President of Kazakhstan is one of the 6 invited the Russian side of the Heads of State at the forthcoming summit «Big Eight». There is no doubt that our great eastern neighbor, China is becoming a dominant force in the world. That is why I constantly repeat, that there is no alternative to developing friendly relations with the giant state does not exist. Moreover, in the foreseeable future, a dynamic China will play an increasingly prominent role in the economic program of Kazakhstan. It is also important to develop in Kazakhstan society understanding of the country, the mentality and culture of its people. The massive trend in China Kazakh students, the promotion of cultural initiatives - such steps, I am convinced, must be expanded. Of particular importance for Kazakhstan is the development of strategic cooperation with the United States. Economic and political leader of the international community appreciates the role of Kazakhstan in ensuring global and regional stability and security of our country's contribution to the solution of problems of nuclear non-proliferation, counter terrorism and extremism, the preservation of energy balance. Active political contacts at the highest level have confirmed the growing understanding of Washington's role in our country in the region, indeed the democratic transformations in Kazakhstan. United States perceive the RK as the key states in the region and connect with us great hope in the context of ensuring stability in the region and the politico-economic development of Central Asian States. Massive economic and geopolitical interests of the growing European countries are the basis of our cooperation with the EU. Kazakhstan officially announced their interest to join the EU partner countries in the program «European Neighborhood Policy». In fact, we are talking about initiating a close political dialogue and provide economic benefits to Kazakhstan and the preferences enjoyed by EU member countries.