Vocabulary 1

18. Study the use of the following synonyms or near synonyms. Make up sentences or short situations to show how you understand the difference in their meaning.

1. among, between

among – между, среди (многих)

E.g. Divide it among the three children.

between – между (двумя)

What is the difference between this and that?

Note: When we speak of clear and exact position we always use ‘between’.

E.g. Ecuador lies between Colombia, Peru and the Pacific Ocean.

2. to protect, to defend

to defend – защищать, оборонять (имеются в виду активные действия защиты)

E.g. When the dog attacked the boy he defended himself with a stick.

to protect – защищать, предохранять

E.g. He wore dark glasses to protect his eyes from the sun.

A country must protect its forests against fire.

3. estimate, calculation

estimate – (предварительный) подсчет, оценка

E.g. We had two or three estimates before having the office repaired and accepted the lowest.

calculation – подсчет, вычисление, расчет

E.g. His calculation was quite correct.

There is calculation behind her choice of friends.

to estimate – оценивать, приблизительно подсчитывать

E.g. The press estimated the number of demonstrators as 2,000.

to calculate – подсчитывать, вычислять (точно)

E.g. Have you calculated what a trip to France would cost?

4. to be forced to do smth, to be obliged to do smth

to be forced to do smth – быть вынужденным что-то сделать (под угрозой, по принуждению)

E.g. They threatened him with a knife and he was forced to give them the key.

to be obliged to do smth – быть вынужденным что-то сделать (по закону или моральным побуждениям)

E.g. He had to keep his promise, so he was obliged to go through with it.

5. clean, pure

clean – чистый, незараженный, незапятнанный

E.g. You must keep your house clean.

He has a clean record.

pure – чистый (без примесей)

E.g. It is pure (100%) wool.

6. to administer, to prescribe (a medicine)

to administer (a medicine) – назначить, применять, давать (лекарство)

E.g. The nurse administered the medicine to the sick woman.

to prescribe (a medicine) – назначать, выписывать лекарство

E.g. Don’t take any medicine if the doctor doesn’t prescribe it.

7. to lament, to complain

to complain – жаловаться, подавать жалобу, выражать недовольство

E.g. She complained to the police about her neighbours.

to lament – (горько) жаловаться, сокрушаться

E.g. She lamented the death of her only friend.

8. common, usual

common – обычный, обыкновенный, широко распространенный

E.g. It is a common error.

usual – обычный, обыкновенный, обычно происходящий

E.g. He said all the usual things.

Reading for Information

19. Read Article 1 quickly and find answers to the following questions.

1. What are the statistics on opium production in Afghanistan?

2. What international agency deals with the drug problem?

3. Why are European countries so concerned about the level of opium production in Afghanistan?

4. What is the ODCCP program concerning Afghan opium production focused on?

5. Why didn’t the financial aid rendered to Afghanistan in 2002 serve its purpose?

6. Why are Afghan farmers unlikely to give up growing poppy and switch over to wheat production?