Vocabulary. Read the articles again, find the following words and word combinations in the text and learn their meaning. Use these words in the further discussion of the problem.

1.

An outrage, to give smb a break (in doing smth), the Interior Ministry, to claim responsibility for smth, atrocity, to slaughter, to get the message (= to understand), to make smth available to …, a motto (mottoes).

2.

To advance a goal/a cause, to make an analogy between …, a revelation, (a) hard-core (radical), an adherent, bloodshed, proliferation of terror, indiscriminate(ly), secession (to secede), to be well under (100), to obscure smth.

11. Read Articles 1 and 2 over again and comment on the following quotations.

1. (Article 2) “Terrorism has traditionally been used to advance political goals. That’s why a rule of terrorists used to be: “We want a few people dead and a lot of people watching.”

2. (Article 2) “… with many terrorist groups – like ETA, like Al Qaeda – violence has become an end in and of itself. They want a lot of people dead, period.”

3. (Article 2) “The reasons come and go, the violence endures.”

4. (Article 2) “… the hard-core radicals turned to violence, hoping to gain attention and adherents by daring acts of bloodshed.”

5. (Article 1) “Terrorism is a means of communication,” says Richard Evans … and today any group “has to compete for attention from the world media with Al Qaeda and jihadist organizations.”

6. (Article 2) “… small numbers can still do great harm … But that should not obscure the reality that violence is a sign of weakness.”

Vocabulary 1

12. Study the meaning of the following synonyms or near synonyms. Make up sentences or short situations to show how you understand the difference in their meaning.

1. to define, to determine

to define – определять, давать определение

E.g. His powers are defined by law.

to determine – определять, устанавливать, решать

E.g. They determined the date of the meeting.

2. to declare, to announce, to proclaim

to announce – объявлять, заявлять о чем-либо

E.g. He announced the results of his research.

to declare – объявлять, заявлять, провозглашать

E.g. to declare war

He declared that he was innocent.

to proclaim – провозглашать, объявлять

E.g. They proclaimed a republic.

to proclaim a holiday

3. reign, rule

reign – царствование, власть

to reign – царствовать, царить

rule – правление, господство, власть

to rule – править, управлять

E.g. The Queen of Britain reigns but does not rule.

4. assassination, murder, slaughter

assassination – убийство (политического или общественного деятеля по идейным мотивам)

murder – (умышленное/преднамеренное) убийство

slaughter – (массовое) убийство, резня, бойня

5. to unify, to unite

to unite – объединять, объединяться

E.g. England and Scotland united in 1706.

to unify – объединять (в единое целое), унифицировать

E.g. to unify the whole population

6. excuse, justification

excuse – оправдание, повод, предлог

E.g. This is no excuse.

an excuse for aggression

justification – оправдание, оправдывающие обстоятельства

E.g. There can be no justification for violence.

7. consensus, agreement, concord

consensus – согласие, единодушие, согласованность

E.g. consensus of opinion

agreement – согласие, договоренность

E.g. by mutual agreement

concord – согласие, мир

E.g. to live in concord

8. hard-core, staunch

hard-core – твердый, закоренелый, отъявленный

E.g. a hard-core criminal

staunch – твердый, непоколебимый, преданный

E.g. a staunch supporter

staunch belief