4. Replace the clauses given in italics by participle structures. Make any necessary changes in the sentences.

1. As he had witnessed the crime, he was expected to give evidence in court.

2. The demonstrator, who protested violently, was led away by the police.

3. Now that I have heard your side of the story, I’m more inclined to agree with you.

4. He gave up all hope of passing the examination as he had already failed it twice.

5. They decided to break off negotiations since they had come no nearer to a solution during three days of discussion.

6. Mr Smith retired at the age of seventy after he had spent nearly 40 years with the company.

7. I had to get a new passport since my old one had expired.

8. The newspaper finally ceased publication because its circulation had dropped dramatically.

9. The coin was a rarity, as only a small number had been put into circulation.

10. As you have promised to give him every assistance, you cannot go back on your word.

11. As they have been told what English food is like, they aren’t going to spend their holiday in England.

12. As I had overheard part of their conversation, I thought it best to remain hidden until after they had left.

13. As I was interested in what would happen, I stayed till the end of the meeting.

14. I found I had wasted my time going to the sale because the best bargains had already been snapped up earlier in the day.

15. The children had a week’s holiday as the school had been closed because of a flu epidemic.

16. He had to put off buying a house, since the bank was unable to lend him any money at that time.

17. A lion escaped from the zoo and created fear and terror among the population.

18. I haven’t yet considered the questions which were raised in your last letter.

19. As he was convinced that his luck must eventually turn, the gambler borrowed some money from a friend.

20. If he isn’t treated with respect he feels due to him, he gets very ill-tempered.

21. The matter which is being discussed at the moment can bring about serious conflicts with the management.

22. The man who is being questioned by the police is their only eye-witness.

23. The negotiations which are being held now will hardly lead to a solution of the problem.

24. When the negotiations were concluded, a joint statement was released.

25. The company will be nationalized, and government experts will take direct control over its enterprises.

26. Doctors and nurses shouldn’t expect a pay rise when only 5% of the budget is allocated for health care.

27. They can’t possibly raise a healthy generation when 80% of mothers work full-time.

5. Translate the parts of the sentences given in italics using participles if possible.

1. Будучи не в состоянии решить проблему, they broke off the negotiations.

2. Решая проблему, they came to the conclusion that tough measures should be taken.

3. Решив проблему, they felt relieved.

4. All measures, предпринятые властями, will contribute to the security of the people.

5. All measures, которые сейчас предпринимаются, have been approved by the authorities.

6. Health-care workers, которые предпринимали меры, направленные на containing the epidemic in the past two weeks, complain of fatigue.

7. The briefing, который сейчас проводится, is sure to get worldwide press coverage.

8. The briefing, проведенный здесь, is sure to get worldwide press coverage.

9. The policy makers, проводившие брифинги последнее время, have been accused of giving inaccurate information.

10. The police found a four-year-old boy, который бродил по улицам и искал, где провести ночь.

11. После того как он узнал, that his newspaper had been taken over he quit and became a freelance correspondent.

12. После того как он отверг наше предложение, he concluded a deal with our competitors.

13. После того как он отверг наше предложение, we broke off our relations.

14. Так как его неправильно информировали, the manager couldn’t take the right decision.

15. Так как ее выселили из квартиры, Alison asked her friend to put her up.

16. Так как Элисон выселили из квартиры, her friend put her up.

17. Так как ему предложили работу за границей, he sold his apartment.

18. Так как ему отказали в визе уже два раза, he gave up all hope of ever going to the UK.

19. Так как все рейсы были задержаны из-за плохой погоды, we decided to take a sightseeing tour of the city.

20. Так как школа была закрыта из-за эпидемии, all the children are having a great time.

21. Так как семестр подошел к концу, there were very few students on the university campus.

22. Притом что так много людей заражались болезнью, the authorities were obliged to place the city under quarantine.

23. The company closed down their enterprise in the city, при этом сотни служащих потеряли работу.

24. There was an earthquake in … . Даже притом, что спасательные команды работают день и ночь, rescue works won’t be completed by the end of the week.