2. Choose the verb form you would use to translate the following sentences.

1. Они встречаются два раза в год.

   A) have met	C) are
   B) met	D) meet

2. В прошлом году моя сестра поступила в университет.

   	A) entered	C) was entering
   	B) had entered	D) has entered

3. Через год он закончит школу.

   	A) will have finished	C) has finished
   	B) will have been finishing	D) will finish

4. Они уезжают в субботу.

   	A)are leaving	C) left
   	B) leave	D) have left

5. Она всегда смеется над ним.

   	A) laughs	C) has been laughing
   	B) is laughing	D) will laugh

6. Он уже ушел домой, когда мы пришли.

   	A)went	C) had gone
   	B) has gone	D) had been going

7. Завтра в это время я буду сдавать экзамен по английскому языку.

   	A) will take	C) will have taken
   	B) will be taking	D) will have been taking

8. К началу сентября они переедут в новый дом.

   	A) will have moved	C) will move
   	B) will be moving	D) are moving

9. Когда я позвонил, они обедали.

   	A) had	C) had had
   	B) were having	D) would have

10. К лету будет уже 10 лет, как они живут здесь.

    	A) will live	C) will have been living
    	B) will be living	D) have lived

11. Он был уверен, что встречал ее ранее.

    	A) had met	C) had been meeting
    	B) met	D) was meeting

12. Я уйду, если ты не вернешься в 7.

	A) won't come	C) will not have come
	B) don't come	D) aren't coming

Total: 100/____ § 1 meaning and creation of verbs

I. General meaning

Verbs are words that express a physical or mental action (This machine cleans carpets. She hopes for the best) or a state of being (She is a student).

Without a verb, it is usually impossible to make a sentence in English. On the other hand, a sentence can be made of only one word if it is a verb: Read!

II. Verb creation

Verbs can be simple (read, run), derived (endanger, intensify) or composite (sit down, give up).

1. Simple verbs (get, go, come, take, give, etc.) make up the core of the English verbal system: most of them are native and most frequently used words.

Some of these verbs are differentiated from their historically related nouns or adjectives by means of a sound alteration in the root. The change may affect the root vowel (food n– feed v), root consonant (speech n – speak v), or both (life n – live v).

There are many verbs in Modern English that were borrowed from Latin and French together with their verb-building suffixes (e.g. -ate/ -ute) as dictate, pollute. Now these verbs are simple because their roots do not have homonymous free words with the same meaning in Modern English (*dict, *poll).

Some simple dissyllabic verbs borrowed from French retain the stress on the second syllable while their homographic nouns, which have become more assimilated in English, are already forestressed:to re´cord (v) – a ´record (n), to pre´sent (v) – a ´present (n) (See Ch.1, Unit 1).

2. Derived verbs make up the majority of the English verbal system.

Derivation of verbs is mostly done by means of prefixes attached to:

a) verbal bases:

re- (‘to repeat an action’): to reread, to reconsider;

under- (‘to do too little’): to underestimate, to undercook;

over-(‘to do too much’): to overestimate, to overcook;

un- (‘to act contrary to that of the simple stem’): to unload, to uncover;

dis- (‘to negate the action’): to disconnect, to disagree;

de- (‘to do the opposite’, ‘to undo the action’) – used in many neologisms: to demobilize, to devalue, to deactivate;

mis- (‘to act wrongly, badly’): to misunderstand, to miscalculate;

b) adjectival bases:

en- (‘to bring into a certain condition or a state’): to enrich, to enable

c) nominal or adjectival bases:

be- (‘to make a thing or quality’): to befriend, to belittle.

Derivation of verbs by suffixes is less common in English. The most common verbal suffixes are usually added to:

a) adjectival bases:

-fy/-ify: to falsify, to purify;

-en: to widen, to shorten;

b) nominal bases:

-ize, -ise: to cryslalize, to patronise;

Some verbs are derived by conversion – an affixless way of word formation. Such verbs look simple and usually denote ‘an action highly characteristic of the object’ (to monkey, to fool), ‘an action with the object’ (to knife, to water), ‘an acquisition or deprivation of the object’ (to milk, to dust, to fish) or ‘an action leading to a certain state or quality’ (to empty, to dirty, to clean).

3. Complex verbs (give up, outgrow) are viewed as phrasal or composite verbs.

Aphrasal verb is a multi-word verb consisting of a verb followed by one or more particles and having a meaning larger than the meaning of each of its constituent (drink up 'выпить до дна', put up with 'примириться').

Some phrasal verbs are used in sentences without a direct object: You have to stay up late tonight.

Some phrasal verbs may be followed by a noun or pronoun: He looked after the baby. He looked after him.

Some verbs in phrasal constructions may be followed by a noun or pronoun and then by a particle: He answered John back. He answered him back.

The number of phrasal verbs in English has remarkably grown in the last century. They constitute one of the most distinctive features of English grammar. There are thousands of them now and they require a lot of memory work on the part of a learner. (Some of them are presented in Unit 7, § 8 in this book.)

As for compound verbs, the situation is rather complicated.

Some verbs as outgrow, overflow, snowball, or housekeep are often called compound. But many other scholars deny word compounding in verbs and view such verbs either derivatives either by means of prefixation (outgrow, overflow), conversion (to snowball (v) from a snowball (n)) or back-formation (housekeep (v) from housekeeper (n)).

E x e r c i s e s