- •Textbook Series
- •Contents
- •1 Basic Concepts
- •The History of Human Performance
- •The Relevance of Human Performance in Aviation
- •ICAO Requirement for the Study of Human Factors
- •The Pilot and Pilot Training
- •Aircraft Accident Statistics
- •Flight Safety
- •The Most Significant Flight Safety Equipment
- •Safety Culture
- •Reason’s Swiss Cheese Model
- •The Five Elements of Safety Culture
- •Flight Safety/Threat and Error Management
- •Threats
- •Errors
- •Undesired Aircraft States
- •Duties of Flight Crew
- •2 The Circulation System
- •Blood Circulation
- •The Blood
- •Composition of the Blood
- •Carriage of Carbon Dioxide
- •The Circulation System
- •What Can Go Wrong
- •System Failures
- •Factors Predisposing to Heart Attack
- •Insufficient Oxygen Carried
- •Carbon Monoxide
- •Smoking
- •Blood Pressure
- •Pressoreceptors and their Function Maintaining Blood Pressure
- •Function
- •Donating Blood and Aircrew
- •Pulmonary Embolism
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •3 Oxygen and Respiration
- •Oxygen Intake
- •Thresholds of Oxygen Requirements Summary
- •Hypoxic Hypoxia
- •Hypoxic Hypoxia Symptoms
- •Stages/Zones of Hypoxia
- •Factors Determining the Severity of and the Susceptibility to Hypoxic Hypoxia
- •Anaemic Hypoxia
- •Time of Useful Consciousness (TUC)
- •Times of Useful Consciousness at Various Altitudes
- •Effective Performance Time (EPT)
- •Hyperventilation
- •Symptoms of Hyperventilation
- •Hypoxia or Hyperventilation?
- •Cabin Pressurization
- •Cabin Decompression
- •Decompression Sickness (DCS)
- •DCS in Flight and Treatment
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •4 The Nervous System, Ear, Hearing and Balance
- •Introduction
- •The Nervous System
- •The Sense Organs
- •Audible Range of the Human Ear and Measurement of Sound
- •Hearing Impairment
- •The Ear and Balance
- •Problems of Balance and Disorientation
- •Somatogyral and Somatogravic Illusions
- •Alcohol and Flying
- •Motion Sickness
- •Coping with Motion Sickness
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •5 The Eye and Vision
- •Function and Structure
- •The Cornea
- •The Iris and Pupil
- •The Lens
- •The Retina
- •The Fovea and Visual Acuity
- •Light and Dark Adaptation
- •Night Vision
- •The Blind Spot
- •Stereopsis (Stereoscopic Vision)
- •Empty Visual Field Myopia
- •High Light Levels
- •Sunglasses
- •Eye Movement
- •Visual Defects
- •Use of Contact Lenses
- •Colour Vision
- •Colour Blindness
- •Vision and Speed
- •Monocular and Binocular Vision
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •6 Flying and Health
- •Flying and Health
- •Acceleration
- •G-forces
- •Effects of Positive G-force on the Human Body
- •Long Duration Negative G
- •Short Duration G-forces
- •Susceptibility and Tolerance to G-forces
- •Summary of G Tolerances
- •Barotrauma
- •Toxic Hazards
- •Body Mass Index (BMI)
- •Obesity
- •Losing Weight
- •Exercise
- •Nutrition and Food Hygiene
- •Fits
- •Faints
- •Alcohol and Alcoholism
- •Alcohol and Flying
- •Drugs and Flying
- •Psychiatric Illnesses
- •Diseases Spread by Animals and Insects
- •Sexually Transmitted Diseases
- •Personal Hygiene
- •Stroboscopic Effect
- •Radiation
- •Common Ailments and Fitness to Fly
- •Drugs and Self-medication
- •Anaesthetics and Analgesics
- •Symptoms in the Air
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •7 Stress
- •An Introduction to Stress
- •The Stress Model
- •Arousal and Performance
- •Stress Reaction and the General Adaption Syndrome (GAS)
- •Stress Factors (Stressors)
- •Physiological Stress Factors
- •External Physiological Factors
- •Internal Physiological Factors
- •Cognitive Stress Factors/Stressors
- •Non-professional Personal Factors/Stressors
- •Stress Table
- •Imaginary Stress (Anxiety)
- •Organizational Stress
- •Stress Effects
- •Coping with Stress
- •Coping with Stress on the Flight Deck
- •Stress Management Away from the Flight Deck
- •Stress Summary
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •Introduction
- •Basic Information Processing
- •Stimuli
- •Receptors and Sensory Memories/Stores
- •Attention
- •Perception
- •Perceived Mental Models
- •Three Dimensional Models
- •Short-term Memory (Working Memory)
- •Long-term Memory
- •Central Decision Maker and Response Selection
- •Motor Programmes (Skills)
- •Human Reliability, Errors and Their Generation
- •The Learning Process
- •Mental Schema
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •9 Behaviour and Motivation
- •An Introduction to Behaviour
- •Categories of Behaviour
- •Evaluating Data
- •Situational Awareness
- •Motivation
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •10 Cognition in Aviation
- •Cognition in Aviation
- •Visual Illusions
- •An Illusion of Movement
- •Other Sources of Illusions
- •Illusions When Taxiing
- •Illusions on Take-off
- •Illusions in the Cruise
- •Approach and Landing
- •Initial Judgement of Appropriate Glideslope
- •Maintenance of the Glideslope
- •Ground Proximity Judgements
- •Protective Measures against Illusions
- •Collision and the Retinal Image
- •Human Performance Cognition in Aviation
- •Special Situations
- •Spatial Orientation in Flight and the “Seat-of-the-pants”
- •Oculogravic and Oculogyral Illusions
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •11 Sleep and Fatigue
- •General
- •Biological Rhythms and Clocks
- •Body Temperature
- •Time of Day and Performance
- •Credit/Debit Systems
- •Measurement and Phases of Sleep
- •Age and Sleep
- •Naps and Microsleeps
- •Shift Work
- •Time Zone Crossing
- •Sleep Planning
- •Sleep Hygiene
- •Sleep and Alcohol
- •Sleep Disorders
- •Drugs and Sleep Management
- •Fatigue
- •Vigilance and Hypovigilance
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •12 Individual Differences and Interpersonal Relationships
- •Introduction
- •Personality
- •Interactive Style
- •The Individual’s Contribution within a Group
- •Cohesion
- •Group Decision Making
- •Improving Group Decision Making
- •Leadership
- •The Authority Gradient and Leadership Styles
- •Interacting with Other Agencies
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •13 Communication and Cooperation
- •Introduction
- •A Simple Communications Model
- •Types of Questions
- •Communications Concepts
- •Good Communications
- •Personal Communications
- •Cockpit Communications
- •Professional Languages
- •Metacommunications
- •Briefings
- •Communications to Achieve Coordination
- •Synchronization
- •Synergy in Joint Actions
- •Barriers to Crew Cooperation and Teamwork
- •Good Team Work
- •Summary
- •Miscommunication
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •14 Man and Machine
- •Introduction
- •The Conceptual Model
- •Software
- •Hardware and Automation
- •Intelligent Flight Decks
- •Colour Displays
- •System Active and Latent Failures/Errors
- •System Tolerance
- •Design-induced Errors
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •15 Decision Making and Risk
- •Introduction
- •The Mechanics of Decision Making
- •Standard Operating Procedures
- •Errors, Sources and Limits in the Decision-making Process
- •Personality Traits and Effective Crew Decision Making
- •Judgement Concept
- •Commitment
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •16 Human Factors Incident Reporting
- •Incident Reporting
- •Aeronautical Information Circulars
- •Staines Trident Accident 1972
- •17 Introduction to Crew Resource Management
- •Introduction
- •Communication
- •Hearing Versus Listening
- •Question Types
- •Methods of Communication
- •Communication Styles
- •Overload
- •Situational Awareness and Mental Models
- •Decision Making
- •Personality
- •Where We Focus Our Attention
- •How We Acquire Information
- •How We Make Decisions
- •How People Live
- •Behaviour
- •Modes of Behaviour
- •Team Skill
- •18 Specimen Questions
- •Answers to Specimen Papers
- •Revision Questions
- •Answers to Revision Questions
- •Specimen Examination Paper
- •Answers to Specimen Examination Paper
- •Explanations to Specimen Examination Paper
- •19 Glossary
- •Glossary of Terms
- •20 Index
Questions
Questions
1.CFIT means:
a.controlled flight in terminal airspace
b.controlled flight into terrain
c.controlled flying in training
d.controlled flying in taxiways (helicopters)
2.An “implicit” question:
a.is another name for closed questions
b.requires deductions to be made before an answer is possible
c.does not require deductions to be made before an answer is possible
d.requires a quick answer
3.Good Synergy is:
a.1 + 1 = 2
b.1 + 1 = < 2
c.1 + 1 = < 4
d.1 + 1 = > 2
4.Coordination is divided into the three following types:
a.redundant actions, temporal and coaction
b.redundant actions, general cooperation and coaction
c.general cooperation, temporal and coaction
d.cognitive coaction, general cooperation and temporal
5.Synchronization can be said to be divided into:
a.temporal synchronization and rational synchronization
b.cognitive synchronization, temporal synchronization, rational synchronization
c.cognitive synchronization and temporal synchronization
d.cognitive synchronization and rational synchronization
6.One BIT of communication is the quantity of information which reduces the uncertainty of the Receiver by:
a.75% - 85%
b.65 - 75%
c.55 - 75%
d.50%
7.Hypertext:
a.can alter according to the situation
b.is fixed for all situations
c.can alter according to the tone
d.can alter as to the meaning implied
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Questions 13
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13 Questions
Questions 13
8.The contents of a transmitter’s message will depend on:
a.the receiver’s image of the transmitter
b.the transmitter’s image of the receiver
c.the transmitter’s image of the situation
d.the transmitter’s image of the perceived situation
9.The following is/are the first to suffer from interhuman conflicts:
a.concentration and focus on the job in hand
b.situation awareness
c.communications and cockpit harmony
d.communications and quality of work
10.Having interrupted your Captain for a sound reason you must:
a.attempt to establish eye contact with him/her
b.remind him/her of his/her last action before the interruption
c.make sure there is no ATC traffic on the radio
d.you must never interrupt
11.A briefing should consist of less than:
a.7 ideas
b.10 ideas
c.7 sentences
d.10 sentences
12.Among the rules to improve crew cooperation are:
a.good briefings and awareness of cultural differences
b.good briefings and a harmonious cockpit atmosphere
c.use professional language
d.resist putting your opinion forward first
13.What are the five hazardous attitudes which play a leading role in the inability of an individual to cope with a potentially dangerous situation?
a.Anti-authority, Overconfident, Invulnerable, Macho and Resigned
b.Anti-authority, Impulsive, Invulnerable, Macho and Resigned
c.Anti-authority, Impulsive, Invulnerable, Macho and Overconfident
d.Overconfident, Impulsive, Invulnerable, Macho and Resigned
14.Communication in the cockpit is primarily used for what purpose?
a.It is the main tool to ensure coordination
b.It is the main tool to ensure comprehension
c.It is the main tool to ensure harmony
d.It is the main tool to ensure understanding
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15. |
What is meant by the term “synergy”? |
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Synergy is the state where the individual performances exceeds the sum of the |
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group performance |
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Synergy is the state where the group performance exceeds the sum of the |
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individual performances |
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Synergy is the state where the group performance exceeds the sum of the |
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individual performances by 50% |
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Synergy is the state where the individual performances exceeds the sum of the |
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group performance by 50% |
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16. |
In coordinated action what does the term “redundant actions” mean? |
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The strict duplication of actions by various individuals |
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The strict duplication of actions by two individuals |
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Actions which are in the past |
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Actions which have been covered by the checklist |
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17. |
What is meant by “coaction”? |
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Individuals working in the different environments but sharing the same |
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general objectives and working independently in carrying out their actions |
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An action by the co-pilot |
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c. |
The strict duplication of actions by various individuals |
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Individuals working in the same environment and sharing the same general |
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objectives but working independently in carrying out their actions |
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18. |
In communications what is hypertext? |
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The set of implicit information contained in a written text or spoken message |
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A recommended layout for checklists |
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The set of implicit information contained in a spoken message |
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A recommended layout for checklists and emergency drills |
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19. |
What is a dialogue? |
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A conversation between two people |
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A series of communications on different subjects between a transmitter and |
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receiver |
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c. |
A series of communications on the same subject between a transmitter and |
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receiver |
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A communication between two or more people or machines |
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20. |
What are the key points of a good briefing? |
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Individual, understood and simple |
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Individual, clear and simple |
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c. |
Individual, understood and short |
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Simple, clear, understood and individual |
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13 Answers
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