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	DIAGNOSIS	-	Identify the most important / urgent problem. Remember there may be
			more than one problem and that the most obvious may not be the most
			serious. Use time and the crew to your advantage.
	OPTIONS	-	Consider all the information available and define the options and
			consequences of each possible course of action. Discuss the possibilities
			with the crew!
	DECIDE	-	The final decision is made by the captain after considering the options
			and consequences of the possible courses of action. If new information
			or a flaw in the plan becomes apparent, the decisions made should be
			questioned.
	ASSIGN	-	Assign tasks to all concerned and use this to share workload - in the
			case of a training aircraft include the student in the decision and don’t
			forget that the cabin crew, ATC etc. are also there and available to give
			assistance.
	REVIEW	-	Continually ask “Have we missed something, has the situation changed?”
			In other words continually monitor the situation.

Remember that although DODAR has five steps it is fundamentally a loop process. Not only did the decision making exercise show you the benefit of a structured decision making process (DODAR), it also highlighted the complimentary need for other human factors skills and good questioning technique.

Personality

The physical act of picking up a pen and using it shows that we all have a left or right handed personal preference.

We discussed that:

•This preference may be stronger in some than in others.

•Many can use their other hand if necessary, but that it will initially be less effective and can cause stress.

•Practise with the other hand leads to improved efficiency.

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Personality is Psychological Preference

We looked at four opposite pairs of psychological preference that were identified through research based upon the work of Jung and an American mother and daughter team, Myers and Briggs.

The overall purpose of the discussion was to increase your awareness of the differences and to ensure that you realize that:

•These psychological preferences do actually exist and that no preference is right or indeed wrong.

•Each psychological preference has its own strengths and its own weaknesses, and that a weakness can be recognized and combatted.

•With tolerance, a combination of individuals with very different personality preferences would increase team potential.

Where We Focus Our Attention

Extraversion

These people prefer to focus on the outer world of people and things.

They normally prefer:

•to communicate orally rather than writing.

•to learn through experience.

and like ......

• variety and action. On the flight deck they:

• readily communicate orally which increases good crew situation awareness.

but they ......

• need to recognize the introvert’s requirement for quiet to concentrate and formulate ideas.

Introversion

These people prefer to focus on the inner world of ideas and thoughts.

They normally:

•prefer to work in quiet surroundings and without interruptions.

•prefer to think and reflect before acting (reading through notes, consolidating concepts) in relation to training; for them, thorough preparation is very important.

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On the flight deck they:

•tend to think before they act.

•continually need to recognize the importance of transferring their thoughts/mental model to other crew members by oral communication.

How We Acquire Information

Sensing

These people readily accept and like to work with individual facts.

They normally:

•are realistic and practical.

•are careful with detail.

•like established, structured ways of doing things (for example SOPs/checklists).

•are good at remembering and working with a large number of individual facts on the flight deck.

•like to collect factual information.

•prefer to work in a structured way.

•can be expected to oversimplify and could miss the “Big Picture”.

Intuitive

These people prefer to go beyond individual facts to find connections, meanings and overall patterns.

They:

•tend to ask “why”.

•look for the overall “picture”.

•normally dislike repetition.

•see new possibilities and methods, and value imagination and inspiration.

On the flight deck they:

•ask why, and look for the big picture which aids their situational awareness.

•can become overloaded with large quantities of factual information.

•should remember to recognize the sensing types’ need for structure.

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How We Make Decisions

Thinking

These people tend to make decisions objectively.

They tend to be:

•logical and objective.

•analytical.

•task orientated.

On the flight deck they:

•tend to be good at making sound decisions. but

•should remember and appreciate another person’s point of view and feelings.

Feeling

These people tend to make decisions based on person centred values.

They tend to be:

• appreciative, tactful and sympathetic, valuing harmony.

On the flight deck they:

•will work towards harmony. but

•need to recognize the importance of the task.

How People Live

Judging

These people like to live in a planned and orderly way.

They:

•prefer to regulate and control their life.

•like structure in their day and tend to be punctual.

•like organizing and planning.

On the flight deck they:

•prefer the operation to run to plan and dislike changes.

•like to make decisions but

•once reaching a decision do not tend to reflect and review.

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