4. Speaking about your speciality:

Step 1. Find Ukrainian equivalents for the following words:

factor, sanitary, industry, industrial, industrialization, engineer, engineering, system, reservoir, human, composition, special, speciality, resources, pump, natural, product, production, mechanics, mechanical, chemistry, chemical, biological, general, type, method, problem, decree, protection, technical, technology, to train, training, economy, economics, faculty, mathematics, history, philosophy, physics, geometry, theory, theoretical, to accompany, materials, electrical, metal, hydraulics, geology, hydrology, architecture, to construct, construction, machines, ventilation, microbiology, station, exploitation, design, department.

Step 2. Read the sentences and say whether the following statements are false or true:

1. The development of human society resulted in the changing of the composition of natural water resources.

2. Rivers, lakes and ground waters don’t contain any products of chemical or mechanical pollution.

3. A number of decrees have been adopted to make the problem of water supply very acute.

4. The waste products are of two general types: refuse and impurities.

5. A water supply system consists of a source of supply, a reservoir for storing water, a treatment plant and a distribution system of pipes.

6. The removal of sewage is done by the auxiliary treatment which is a part of a sewerage system.

Step 3. Speak on one of the following subjects:

1. Water in human life. 2. A water supply system. 3. Natural water resources. 4. Types of waste. 5. Types of sewage treatment. 6. The problem of water supply in Ukraine. 7. Posts held by graduates from the University. 8. Subjects for future engineers. 9. The training of future engineers in Ukraine.

8. My speciality: hydrotechnical engineer

1. Words and word-combinations to be remembered:

to concern with	стосуватися
storage pond	водосховище
as far back as	ще
hydropower engineering	гідроенергетика
hydrotechnical works	гідротехнічні споруди
to meet demands	задовільняти вимоги
thorough knowledge	ґрунтовні знання
perfection	вдосконалення
aptitude	схильність, здібність
with the view	з наміром, з метою
post-graduate course	аспірантура
newly-fledged specialist	молодий спеціаліст
foreman	майстер
superintendent	керівник, завідувач, директор
in due course	в належний час, згодом
environmentally friendly	екологічно безпечний

2. Read the text and translate it into Ukrainian:

Hydraulic engineering is an applied science concerned with the utilization of water resources for various needs to the benefit of national economy. It involves construction of hydrotechnical works and the maintenance of existing ones: water power plants, canals, various types of dams, storage ponds, pumping stations, sea and river harbours.

Dam construction is one of the oldest arts practiced by man. Its origin can be traced to the remote past and the most varied parts of the world.

As to the building of hydropower plants that is a comparatively young branch of hydraulic engineering. Most of the water power in use has been developed since the first decade of the 20^th century The construction of world’s largest hydroelectric stations began in the second half of the century.

The first hydropower plants were built in our country at the beginning of the 20^th century. Nowadays Ukraine produces about 295 mlrd. kWhs of electric energy annually. Nearly 4% of it is produced by water power plants.

Most water power schemes are complex environmentally friendly hydrotechnical works. Their reservoirs, besides being the source of electricity, allow to supply people and industry with water, to develop irrigated agriculture and fishery.

Many thousands of people are engaged nowadays in hydropower engineering and in closely connected with it branches of water management. One of the key professions among them is that of hydrotechnical engineer specializing in “hydrotechnical construction of river schemes and water power plants”. His activity embraces such problems as electricity supplies, rational use of water resources, flood control, development of water-way systems and navigation, construction of water reservoirs, etc. In other words, his practical activities are directed to meet demands for water and electricity for human consumption, irrigation, industry.

Within the range of his duties lie:

– carrying on research into water resources utilization and construction of hydrotechnical works;

– river works and water power plants designing;

– ensuring the building, maintenance and reconstruction of existing schemes;

– building process organization and management.

For successful realization of his duty, the future engineer will need thorough knowledge and skills in many engineering, technological and scientific subjects.

Hydrotechnical engineers are trained at higher educational institutions of the country. The leading one among them is National University of Water Management and Nature Resources Use. It has been training specialists of this profile for over 60 years now.

While at the university, students have to master the following general subjects: strength of materials; building machines; theoretical mechanics; hydrology; descriptive geometry and drawing as well as special subjects such as hydraulic structures; water power plants; technology, organization and planning of hydrotechnical works; water management economy; building technology and organization; labour law and environment protection.

Besides taking theoretical training, students must have practical one at different hydrotechnical construction sites and enterprises. Practical training for students is a valuable complement to their strictly academic course of studies.

After graduation from the university newly-fledged specialists can work at the hydrotechnical and hydromeliorative sites of the country. They can take up posts of a foreman, engineer, chief engineer or as research worker at the research institutes etc.

The graduates who demonstrated necessary aptitude to research work can take a post­ graduate course either in native or other institutes of the country with the view to obtain an academic degree. Besides, the graduates can extend their knowledge by self-education, or at advanced training courses, they can also participate in different scientific and technical conferences.