2.5. Read the text.

1. On the basis of word-building chains with the stem “amount” and “raise” try to define:

– the total water supply used for agriculture and other branches of national economy of Ukraine;

– whether there is any information related to the ways of achieving more effective water use in land reclamation.

2. Translate the text into Ukrainian. Text a. Use of water resources in land management.

1. Water management system provides water for various branches of national economy. Each year the amount of water taken from all sources to meet the requirements of national economy is in excess of 30 km³. The programme of reclamation development in Ukraine, and above all, land and pasture irrigation, timber floating, is part and parcel of water resources utilization. Approximately 50% of the total water supply is used for agriculture. At present, water used in agriculture amounts to 15 km³, in the future it will almost double.

2. Within the agriculture sector, irrigation is the major water consumer. Extensive reclamation activities being under way, the relationship between land reclamation and water resources development becomes ever so close.

3. The water for irrigation is diverted basically from the surface flow (98%), underground waters accounting only for 2%. Nevertheless in recent years underground waters have become increasingly be used for irrigation purposes.

4. Most of water reservoirs in the country are used comprehensively, that is for various needs of national economy: hydropower, water transport, fisheries, communal and industrial water supply including thermal and atomic power stations, irrigation varieties of agricultural crops, etc. For example, in the Dnieper cascade the Kremenchuk, Kakhovska and Kyiv reservoirs have the largest storage capacity.

5. There are also some single-purpose reservoirs, i.e. reservoirs used, for example, for purely irrigation purposes. These are located primarily in Crimea and some southern regions of Ukraine.

6. There are many ponds and large canals in Ukraine, serving irrigation purposes, the largest of which are Kakhovka main canal and the North Crimean canal.

7. In order to optimize the methods of water resources utilization in the course of land reclamation, the following measures are applied on a large scale:

a) construction of new and rehabilitation of existing irrigation systems on the basis of dynamic salt-water balance and economic calculations;

b) improvement of planning and operational control of water use on the basis of the forecast and available information about water content of the sources as well as on the basis of water use optimization. Water management computation techniques employed in designing reclamation projects are being improved.

8. Scientifically substantial record of the forecast changes of water resources is introduced; the dynamics of salt-water balance of different areas and its relationship with irrigation technology are studied closely.

9. As the control and planning of water use are improved, long-range forecasting of weather and sources’ water content becomes increasingly important.

10. The work aimed at raising the efficiency of water use at reclamation projects proceeds in two main directions: modernization of presently applied technologies and introduction of operational system of water utilization. A great deal is being done to perfect irrigation technology and apply anti-filtration measures, which help to raise substantially the efficiency of reclamation projects.