Абсолютный причастный оборот может предварять предлог with, образуя предложный абсолютный причастный оборот (the Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction)

Now with the harvest coming on, everything looks its richest.	Теперь, когда приближается пора жатвы, все выглядит так красиво.
I can’t walk with my leg broken.	Я не могу идти, так как у меня сломана нога.
He sat on the sofa, (with) his legs crossed.	Он сидел на диване, закинув ногу за ногу.
We went for a walk, with the rain having stopped.	Мы отправились на прогулку, так как дождь прекратился.

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ПРИЧАСТИЯ I И ГЕРУНДИЯ

Причастие настоящего времени и герундий имеют общие глагольные характеристики, но отличаются синтаксическими функциями. Причастие не может быть подлежащим или дополнением, оно не употребляется с предлогами. Различие между причастием настоящего времени и герундием состоит в именных свойствах герундия и свойствах прилагательного, характерных для причастия. Это наиболее очевидно проявляется в функции предикатива и определения.

The sound was deafening. Звук был оглушительным.

His hobby was singing. Ее хобби было пение.

Герундий и причастие взаимозаменимы в функции обстоятельства времени:

Entering the room he was surprised at what he saw. After discussing the problem we went home.

On entering the room he was surprised at what he saw. Having discussed the problem we went home.

Когда указан начальный или конечный момент действия, употребляется только герундий.

He has never been in s native town since leaving it in 1997.

В ряде случаев, особенно в предикативных конструкциях, различие между причастием и герундием нейтрализуется.

I remember him doing me a favour.

Fancy him doing so.

Упражнения

The Infinitive

Ex. 1. Comment on different forms of the Infinitive in the following sentences. Translate them into Russian.

1. I don’t like to interrupt people. 2. I don’t like to be interrupted. 3. I’m sorry to have interrupted you. 4. I’m sorry to have been interrupted. 5. Tom seems to be interrupting the speaker. 6. Tom seems to have been interrupting the speaker the whole evening. 7. I’m pleased to invite you to my birthday-party. 8. She is pleased to have been invited to the birthday party. 9. The boss wants to give me a day off. 10. She wants to be given some time to think it over. 11. I don’t want to be seen in this company. 12. They are happy to have completed the work ahead of time. 13. He pretended to be reading a book. 14. Marry was embarrassed not to have remembered his name. 15. Visitors are asked not to feed the animals. 16. He is not very polite, to put it mildly. 17. Easy come, easy go.

Ex. 2. Review different functions of the Infinitive. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. To help people is human. It is human to help people. 2. Our duty is to defend our country. 3. His only pleasure was to smoke a pipe. 4. Here is a book for you to read. 5. The house to be built in the street is of modern design. 6. This problem is difficult to understand. 7. I wanted to answer the letter but then I forgot. 8. The child is crying. He may be wanting something. 9. Whenever I have a problem, I always have someone to turn to. 10. The captain was the last man to leave the ship. 11. What matters is that they choose to be together. 12. He came to my place only to make sure that everything was all right. 13. He can't help you. 14. We saw the guests enter the house. 15. We heard somebody open the window, and saw a man walk quickly upstairs. 16. He is considered to be a clever man. 17. She appeared to know several foreign languages. 18. It is likely to rain. 19. It is necessary for you to know the truth. 20. He spoke too loud for us to hear. 21. There are some letters to be posted. 22. He has nowhere to live. 23. Nobody is to blame. 24. He is sure to win. 25. How clever of you to have done this!

Ex. 3. Change the sentences using the Infinitives as subjects.

Model 1: He tried to give up smoking though it was not easy.

It was not easy to give up smoking.

To give up smoking was not easy.

1. He tried to sell the bicycle but it was almost impossible. 2. It was their habit. Every summer they went to the seaside. 3. He mentioned the subject in my presence which was tactless. 4. He invited me to the party. It was very kind of him. 5. Revise before the test. It’s useful. 6. Read the instruction before using the devise. It’s important. 7. They bought an old car which was unwise. 8. He wants to take his exam in autumn. I think it’s a right decision. 9. They expect to move to a new house before New Year which is optimistic. 10. She loves and looses which is better than not to have loved at all. 11. She couldn’t forget the past. It was impossible. 12. She was pleasant to look at. 13. You should choose a career that works well with your personality. It is important. 14. The duty of the lawyers is not only to punish people for various crimes. 15. The duty of the journalists is to tell people the truth. 16. You may not try to tear a peasant from the land, it is impossible.

Model 2: Bill was offered a promotion at his firm, but he refused it.

It was a mistake to refuse a promotion.

What a mistake it was to refuse a promotion.

1. As I was walking through the town I bumped into an old friend (a pleasant surprise). 2. I thought I had lost my purse, so I ran back home to look for it, and there it was (such a relief). 3. Someone ought to eat these pears because they are going soft. Otherwise, I shall have to throw them away (a shame). 4. Bob got into financial difficulties because he didn’t accept his father’s advice (mistake for Bob). 5. John has failed his final examination. He says he’s not going to bother trying it again (nonsense for John). 6. Janet was sure she had got the job. Then a letter of refusal came, which she certainly wasn’t expecting (a shock for Janet). 7. Last summer he spent his holidays at the Black See coast (a pleasure). 8. He wants to take his exams in autumn (an unwise decision). 9. I learned German at evening class (a problem). 10. We have booked to go on holiday next week, but now my friend is ill, so we’ll have to cancel the trip (a pity).

Ex. 4. Use the Infinitives given below as predicates.

to apologize, to tell, to finish, to come, to take, to go, to congratulate, to visit, to get, to blame

1. My next plan for the holiday is … Europe. 2. The only thing that could do you best is … a long rest. 3. The only thing she could do was … the truth. 4. Our plan was … the construction work before autumn. 5. Our next step must be … to him. 6. Our only chance to see him is … to the party. 7. My proposal is … up the river. 8. What I have come for is … you. 9. Frank’s only desire was … away as soon as possible. 10. Nobody is … .

Ex. 5. a) Complete the following sentences using the Infinitive as part of the predicate.

The book was difficult … She’s pleasant … The sentence is easy … The house was charming … He was rather difficult … Is his friend easy …? Dinner is ready … English isn’t easy …

The questions are difficult … This news is pleasant … The fact is difficult … This house is comfortable … It’s too good … They were happy … He was eager … I am delighted …

b) Complete the sentences starting with your own ideas. Use the verbs “to be likely”, “to be going to”, “to seem”, “to expect”, “to agree”, “to refuse”, etc.

… to remember … to drink … to have won the prize … to be in London again … to be angry … to avoid

… to be interviewed … to be photographed … to be rebuilt … to be completed … to be understood … to be followed

Ex. 6. Paraphrase the sentences using the Infinitive with adverbs “too” or “enough”.

Model: It's very cold. We can't bathe. – It’s too cold to bathe. Or:

It isn’t warm enough to bathe.

1. The boy is very young. He can't have a front-door key. 2. He is strong. He can carry it. 3. He felt exited. He couldn’t sleep. 4. Mr. Stone borrowed money. He can buy a new car. 5. I was tired. I couldn’t go out with them. 6. He was angry. He couldn’t control himself. 7. Bill was angry with me. He didn’t invite me to his party. 8. You are very young. You can’t understand these things. 9. The storm was so strong that I couldn’t go out. 10. She was so excited that she couldn’t utter a word. 11. It was so dark that he couldn’t see anything before him. 12. He was so angry, he wouldn’t speak to me. 13. She knows English so well that she can read the English authors in the original. 14. Their child is very young. He can’t walk yet. 15. The bus is slow. I’ll take the train. 16. The sailors saw a boat and shouted for help but the boat was far away.

Ex. 7. Paraphrase the following sentences using the correct forms of the Infinitive.

Model: He claimed that he was an expert in such matters.

He claimed to be an expert in such matters.

1. The police hope that they will solve the crime problem soon. 2. The Minister of Labour agreed that he would meet the union leaders. 3. The Company has decided that it will close down uneconomic factories. 4. The accused pretended that he didn’t understand the lawyer’s question. 5. The chairman threatened that he would resign if the policies were not adopted. 6. The student resolved that he would do better next time. 7. The manager has taken my advice and he is very glad now. 8. I’m pleased with the fact that I’ve been working with him all this time. 9. I’m free I can do what ever I like. 10. “Don’t drive too fast,” – she begged him. 11. “Take a deep breath?” – the doctor asked. 12. “Don’t decide in a hurry. Think it over,” – I said. 13. “Don’t believe everything you hear,” – he advised me.

Ex. 8. Use the Infinitive given below as a object.

a) to switch off, to tell (2), to retire, to lend, to play chess, to use, to come, to help, to take, to join, to phone, to see, to report, to buy, to visit, to find, to disturb

1. How did you learn …? – I began playing it when I was young. 2. He decided … when he reached the age of 60. 3. Don’t forget … the light, when you go out of the home. 4. He asked me … to his party. 5. He was afraid … his colleagues about it. 6. The doctor advised me … a leave from work. 7. Would you like … us? 8. I have decided not … him about it. 9. He pretended not … us. 10. She was happy … a new job. 11. Who allowed you … my cell? 12. Why didn’t he want… it to the police? – He was afraid to … it. He didn’t think they’d believe him. 13. Why not … the car? – I was advised not … it. 14. He refused … me any longer. 15. Bill promised … me some money. 16. The man was sorry … me.

b) to be met, to be given, to be driven, to be invited, to be photographed, to be praised;

to have been met, to have been given, to have been driven, to have been invited, to have been photographed, to have been praised

Model: She expects to be met at the airport.

She expected to have been met at the airport, but it didn’t happen.

She expects … She expected …

at the airport to the hotel to appear on TV for newspapers and magazines by the teacher some flowers

Ex. 9. Paraphrase the following sentences using the Infinitive as an object.

Model: Where should I go first? I can’t remember.

I can’t remember where to go first.

Should I ask someone or work it out for myself?

I can’t decide whether to ask someone or (whether) to work it out for myself.

1. What should I wear on my feet in the gym? I’d like to know.

2. Who should I talk to about the fees for the course? I’m not sure.

3. How do I switch on the running machine? I’m afraid I don’t know.

4. Anna told me to put my things in a locker. Who can you show me where it is?

5. I expect that somebody will meet me at the airport and drive to the hotel.

6. I ought to look for the instructions, but where? I don’t know.

7. Should I ask the couch? I’m not sure.

8. Should I give her some flowers or buy her a present?

Ex. 10. Paraphrase the following using the Infinitive as an attribute.

Model: He was the first (man) who arrived. – He was the first (man) to arrive.

1. He was the first who broke the silence. 2. There are a lot of things that need repairing. 3. Would you be so kind and lend me your umbrella? 4. He wished he had a younger brother with whom he could play. 5. There was no place where he could sit. 6. I can't go to the party. I have nothing that I can wear. 7. It is convenient that you have a balcony in your flat. 8. He was the only one who realized the danger. 9. There was nothing that might keep him at home that night. 10. There are so many letters that must be answered. 11. She had no one in whom she could confide. 12. Here’s the list of medicines which are not to be sold without a prescription. 13. We didn’t know the way to the station and there wasn’t anyone whom we could ask. 14. It isn’t a thing you can joke about. It’s a serious matter. 15. He’ll always find something that makes him laugh at. 16. They decided that it was a nice little town where they could live quietly for a while. 17. There is nothing we might discuss now. Everything is settled. 18. The guests can take part in lots of activities. 19. There are many letters to be written.

Ex. 11. Complete the sentences so that to use the Infinitive as an attribute after the corresponding nouns and pronouns.

Model: I don’t wish to see you. – I have no wish to see you.

1. He refused to help her. She was offended. – His refusal … . 2. We agreed to meet her later. – We made an agreement … . 3. I applied for this job but got no answer. – He made an application … . 4. She’ll make an attempt to take her exam in autumn. – She’ll make an attempt … . 5. George proposed to take up the river. – George made a proposal … . 6. I’m determined to stay at home and have a rest. – I’ve a determination … 7. He decided to become a journalist. – He made a decision … . 8. We plan to go for a picnic on Sunday. – We have a plan … .

Ex. 12. Paraphrase the following using the Infinitive as an adverbial modifier of purpose.

Model: They sent me to Paris. They wanted me to learn French. – They sent me to Paris to learn French.

I left home early. I didn’t want to be late. – I left home early so as not to be late.

1. She went to London. She wanted to find a job there. 2. I’m buying some paint. I want to paint my door. 3. They got up very early. They wanted to get to the top of the hill before sunrise. 4. He rang the bell. He wanted to tell us that dinner was ready. 5. I took off my shoes. I didn't want to make any noise. 6. I’m learning Greek. I wish to read Homer. 7. I’m saving money. I want to go to Greece. 8. I sent him out of the room. I wanted to discuss his progress with the headmaster. 9. He sent his children to his sister’s house. He wanted to have some peace. 10. Don’t let the baby play with my glasses. He may break them. 11. We must take our gloves. We don’t want to get frozen. 12. Some women tint their hair when it goes grey. They want to look younger. 13. They talked in whispers. They didn’t want me to overhear them. 14. I left the house early. I wanted to avoid the rush hour traffic.

Ex. 13. Answer the questions. Use the proper infinitive form as an adverbial modifier of purpose.

Model: Why did she go to the bank? (to get some money)

She went to the bank (so that) to get some money.

1. Why do you take long walks? (to relax) 2. Why did Mike look in his dictionary? (to find a correct spelling of the word). 3. Why did you go to the post-office (to mail a letter) 4. Why did you stay after classes? (to talk to the teacher) 5. Why did you turn on the radio? (to listen to the news) 6. Why did you go to the hospital? (to visit my friend) 7. Why did you go to the bakery? (to buy a loaf of bread) 8. Why did you read the story the second time? (to understand it better) 9. Why did he have to work hard? (to pass his exams) 10. Why must he hurry? (not to miss the train) 11. Why did he take a taxi? (not to be late) 12. Why did she sit near the door? (to leave early)

Ex. 14. Open the brackets using “the Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction”. Explain the use or absence of the particle “to”.

1. We don’t (to want) anybody (to know) that we are here. 2. I saw the boy (to take) the candy and run away. 3. I’ve heard the door (to open) and a shadow (to move) across the floor. 4. I felt the house (to shake) with the explosion. 5. The man said he has seen nine presidents (to come) and (to go). 6. I want you two (to apologize) to each other. – Well, I’m willing to apologize if he apologizes first. 7. He wanted the expedition (to start) as soon as possible. 8. The captain ordered the ship (to be unloaded). 9. We heard him (to speak) about it on the telephone. 10. I felt her (to be) right. 11. He doesn’t want this picture (to be shown).

Ex. 15. Paraphrase the following using the Infinitive as part of “the Objective-with-the-Infinitive” construction .

Model: a) Everybody considers that he is a clever man. – Everybody considers him to be a clever man.

b) I saw as he crossed the street. – I saw him cross the street.

1. I know that she is a good teacher. 2. Everybody believes that he is right. 3. I have never heard how she plays the piano. 4. The student expects that his article will be published. 5. I saw as the driver opened the window and threw a box into the bushes. 6. I felt as somebody looked at me. 7. Nobody heard as he spoke on the telephone. 8. I saw how my father left the house that very morning. 9. George was sure we would be able to sleep well because of that fresh air and the exercise. 10. I thought that it was a signal to start. 11. Just at that moment he heard how his door opened and quickly closed. 12. He felt how the eyes of his group rested on him. 13. There is some information here. I think you should obtain it. 14. He liked to see how they were working. 15. The parents gave them the permission to go (to let). 16. I’ve never heard how he was speaking about his life in Australia.

Ex. 16. Open the brackets using the correct form of the Infinitive in “the Subjective-with-the-Infinitive” construction. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. The name of the city is believed (to associate) with the river Menka. 2. His father is said (to return) soon. 3. The problem is reported (to take) seriously. 4. He is said (to be) their devoted friend. 5. He is considered (to play) tennis well. 6. Bill is said (to play) chess with his neighbour for two hours. 7. Mary is believed (to be) at home at this time. 8. His plan is considered (to be) a great success. 9. He was likely (to hide) my magazine under his papers. 10. She was unlikely (to accept) their invitation. 11. He is said (to come and to see) us soon. 12. The book is sure (to sell) well and (to sell out) in no time. 13. I’m sure (to come) and to see my parents at Christmas. 14. He is said (to be) the best surgeon in the hospital. 15. This engineer is said (to invent) a new machine. 16. They are known (to live) in Siberia during the war. 17. She is reported (to be) one of the most outstanding scientists in the world. 18. He is likely (to forget) my presence. 19. He is said (to choose) the leader of the party. 20. The criminal is reported (to catch) by the police. 21. St. James Park is known (to be) one of the nicest parks in London. 22. Refugees are expected (to help) by the local council. 23. He listened carefully and heard Miss Binney (to say), “Hannah, what are you chewing?” 24. He saw the little girl (to walk) to the front of the class, take the gum from her mouth, and drop it into the waste-basket.

Ex. 17. Paraphrase the following using the Infinitive as part of “the Subjective-with-the-Infinitive” construction.

Model: People say/It is said that he was a clever man. – He is said to be a clever man.

1. They say that tea has been brought from India. 2. Some people consider that Hamlet is the summit of Shakespeare's art. 3. People know that he is armed. 4. They believe that he was killed at the front. 5. We expect that the expedition will reach the South Pole in May. 6. We consider that she was the best singer in America. 7. They say that he is one of the best doctors at the hospital. 8. People say this palace will be built in three years. 9. The newspapers report that the President will arrive in Moscow tomorrow. 10. Everybody knows him as a prominent public figure. 11. They say that paper has been invented in China. 12. We expect her to come tomorrow. 13. We know that this student works much. 14. It’s believed that John has arrived in London. 15. It’s known that Jack is good at painting. 16. It’s reported that the delegation has left London. 17. It’s considered that our ballet is the best in Europe. 18. It’s reported that the spaceship has landed successfully. 19. It’s said that he’ll be one of the best students at our faculty in the nearest future. 20. It appeared that life in elementary school was a little more complex than in the kindergarten.

Ex. 18. Paraphrase the sentences using different forms of the Infinitive after the verb “to seem/ seemed”, “to happen/happened”, “to appear/appeared”, “to prove/proved”, “to turn out/turned out”, “claim/claimed”, “to be sure”, “to be likely”.

Model: You are getting better. – You seem to be getting better.

It appeared that we knew him – We appeared to know him.

1. She is on a diet. 2. The boy has grown taller during the summer. 3. It was snowing in the mountains. 4. It has been snowing heavily of late. 5. I’ve been mistaken for somebody else. 6. We’ve run out of oil. 7. The weather is improving. It has got a lot warmer. 8. The figures have been changed. 9. You were feeling nervous. 10. You’ve been overdoing it. 11. This window was forced open. 12. George has not come home. 13. His bed has not been slept in. 14. By eight o’clock we had finished our work. 15. By then, all the work had been done. 16. You were feeling very ill. 17. It has been raining all night. 18. You looked as if you had been hit on the head. 19. We arrived earlier. 20. I think they met by chance. 21. Nothing has changed. 22. He was an amusing companion on the long journey. 23. He lives in Budapest now. 24. They are waiting for Nick downstairs. 25. He certainly knows the news. 26. He may be the captain of the ship. 27. They will certainly make an agreement. 28. He has finished the report. 29. It happened that he was my brother-in-law.

Ex. 19. Open the brackets using the proper form of the noun/pronoun in the “For-with-the Infinitive construction”.

1. It’s necessary for (he) to learn English. 2. There is no reason for (they) to be so upset. 3. She played the violin for (we) to listen to. 4. It seemed strange for (the neighbours) to come back so early. 5. It’s desirable for (Peter) to work harder. 6. It’s advisable for (you) to leave with other people. 7. The speaker’s voice was not loud enough for (everybody) to hear. 8. Your words are such a comfort for (I) to hear, doctor. I would like to hear them once again. 9. There is nothing for (you) to do here. 10. I listened to my classmates repeat sentences and patiently waited for (my turn) to recite.

Ex. 20. Paraphrase the sentences using “ the For-to-Infinitive”.

1. It’s quite natural that you should think so. 2. It’s time you should go, Tom. 3. He waited till the people spoke. 4. This is a problem you should solve by yourself. 5. I’ll bring you the article that you may read. 6. He spoke loudly so that everyone might hear him. 7. There is nothing I can add. 8. It’s important that he should understand this. 9. It is necessary that everyone should know the truth. 10. It is advisable that we should leave the house separately. 11. There was enough time left. He can catch the train. 12. It will be better if you take a taxi. 13. It’s not the right time. We’ll discuss the problem later on. 14. The weather was too cold and rainy. I can’t say that we had a good time. 15. The girl can’t reach the top shelf. It’s very high. 16. There is nothing that he can do about it. He’d better ask for help. 17. The first thing he must do is to ring them up.

Ex. 21. Use the proper form of the Infinitive with or without the particle “to”.

1. You ought (to stop) working now. – Yes, I am just going (to do) it. 2. My friend let me (to use) his car. 3. You needn’t (to ask) for permission. I let you (to take) my books whenever you like. 4. He should (to know) how to use the film projector, but if he doesn’t, I’d better (to show) him. 5. I want her (to learn) English. I think everybody ought (to know) it. 6. Why do you wear dark glasses? – I have (to wear) them, I have weak eyes. 7. Would you like (to go) to the theater tonight? – Yes, I’d love (to). 8. He wasn’t able (to repair) the car himself. 9. You’d rather (to do) it that way. 10. You’d better try (not to think) about it. 11. He used (to spend) a lot of time in Robert’s room. 12. I helped him (to cross) the street. I see him (to cross) the street. He was seen (to cross) the street. 13. Don’t (to let) us waste time. There are hundreds of things (to do). 14. She made me (to tell) my secretes. 15. I’d like him (to go) to a university but I can’t make him (to go). 16. Why not (to start) out now? We can’t (to wait) for the weather (to change). 17. Soon I’ll be able (to see) the man I often talk to on the phone. 18. I can hardly (to believe) it. 19. Would you like (to come) to my place, please? – I’d love to. 20. She didn’t know whether (to laugh) or (to cry). 21. Parents should (to force) their children (to take) regular exercises. 22. I remember my parents made me (to promise) (not, to speak) to strangers. 23. It’s better (to be) sure than (to be) sorry. 24. All I did was (to help) her (to do) washing up. 25. I believe it (to be) my mistake. 26. The plane is announced (to land) successfully. 27. What makes you (to think) so? 28. Why not (to go) their together? 29. She wanted (to go, to see) her friend. 30. My dad can help me (to do) something for my school. 31. Mummy makes me (to play) with my little brother but I hate playing with him. He is not good at playing. 32. I’d advise you (not to use) the High Street during the rush hour.

Ex. 22. Open the brackets using the proper form of the Infinitive.

1. The girl pretended (to read) a book and not (to look) at me. 2. I hate (to bother) you, but the man is still waiting (to give) a definite answer. 3. The book is likely (to publish) and (to appear) on sail pretty soon. 4. Does it cost very much (to have) a general physical examination? 5. I was pleased (to drive) the car again. 6. You can (to leave) your dog with us if you don’t (to want) (to take) him with you. 7. You seem (to know) this area very well. Yes, I used (to live) here. 8. Need I (to come)? I’d much rather (to stay) at home. 9. You can (to take) a horse to water but you can’t (to make) him (to drink). 10. I’m sorry (to disappoint) you but I can’t (to let) you (to have) any more money till the end of the month. 11. If you can’t (to remember) his number you’d better (to look) it up. 12. As we seem (to miss) the train we may as well (to go) back to the house. 13. He told me (to try) (to come) early. 14. Before he let us (to go) he made us (to promise) (not to tell) anyone what we had seen. 15. I advised him (to ask) the bus conductor (to tell) him where (to get) off. 16. The bank robbers made the cashier (to show) them how (to open) the safe. 17. What do you (to want) me (to tell) him? – Tell him that any time he cares (to call) I shall be delighted (to discuss) the matter with him. 18. There is nothing (to do) but (to wait) till somebody comes (to let) us out. 19. Would you rather (to be) more stupid than you look or (to look) more stupid than you are? 20. His health seems (to improve). 21. At a dinner party I happened (to sit) beside a very talkative lady. 22. Before he let us (to go) he made us promise (not to tell) anyone what we had seen. 23. Several times I tried (to ask) her (to speak) more slowly, but she pretended not (to see) my half-raised hand.

Ex. 23. Translate into English. Mind the correct forms of the Infinitives.

a) 1. Давайте послушаем последние известия. 2. Я хочу, чтобы мне сказали правду. 3. Что заставляет его так думать? 4. Не предупредить его об этом было нечестно. 5. Моей обязанностью было проверять почту. 6. Моя цель – поступить в университет. 7. Первое, что я хочу сделать, – это хорошо отдохнуть. 8. Он пригласил своих друзей прийти и посмотреть свою новую квартиру. 9. Мне не у кого попросить совета. 10. Он первым пришел мне на помощь. 11. Было сделано все для того, чтобы спасти его. 12. Я пришел, чтобы проститься с вами. 13. Я встал рано, чтобы не опоздать на поезд. 14. Было уже слишком поздно, чтобы менять что-либо. 15. Он достаточно опытен, чтобы справиться с этой работой. 16. Он достаточно умен, чтобы понять это. 17. Почему бы мне не принять это предложение? 18. Я должен тренироваться каждый день, чтобы хорошо играть в теннис.

b) 1. Я часто слышу, как он выступает на конференциях. 2. Вы, кажется, уже давно здесь сидите. Вы ждете кого-нибудь? 3. Дети любят, когда им рассказывают сказки. 4. Она не любит, когда дверь в ее комнату закрыта. 5. Почему не пойти на прогулку? Погода чудесная. 6. Видели, что он вошел в дом, но никто не видел, что он вышел. 7. Я слишком слабый шахматист, чтобы давать советы. 8. Бен говорил первым. 9. Они, кажется, уже уехали. 10. Его не так просто обмануть.

c) 1. Я слышал, как он хлопнул дверью и ушел. 2. Бабушка хотела бы, чтобы я навещала ее чаще. 3. Я считаю его честным и надежным человеком. 4. Я хочу, чтобы ты что-нибудь рассказал мне о своей поездке. 5. Я видел, что Джейн упаковала свои вещи. 6. Я заметил, что она закрыла окно. 7. Мы видели, что они перешли улицу. 8. Павел слышал как автобус подъехал к остановке.

d) 1. Я, кажется, вас хорошо знаю. 2. Я, должно быть, встречал вас у своих друзей. 3. Случилось так, что меня не было в городе, когда он звонил. 4. По-видимому, она согласилась поехать с ним во Францию. 5. Говорят, что он работает в этом институте 15 лет. 6. Оказывается, он побывал в Америке в прошлом году. 7. Известно, что он прожил долгую и интересную жизнь. 8. Говорят, что переговоры уже закончились. Я случайно узнал об этом. 9. Оказалось, что он прав. Этот вопрос вряд ли будет обсуждаться на встрече.

e) 1. Ему трудно угодить. 2. С ней приятно разговаривать. 3. Вопрос был слишком сложным, чтобы обсудить его за час. 4. Это стихотворение легко было выучить наизусть. 5. За этим столом удобно работать. 6. С ними трудно было иметь дело. 7. Мы не знали, кто виноват.

f) 1. Он попросил (меня) закрыть окно. 2. Директор приказал (секретарю) отослать документы авиапочтой. 3. Мама попросила (нас) помыть окна к празднику. 4. Он попросил (нас) отвезти его на вокзал. 5. Он разрешил (нам) воспользоваться его телефоном. 6. Учитель попросил (учеников) выйти из класса. 7. Он приказал (всем) выйти их комнаты. 8. Мы попросили (агента) дать нам необходимую информацию. 9. Я хотел бы подождать вас (чтобы вы подождали меня). 10. Она любит задавать вопросы (чтобы ей задавали вопросы).

Ex. 24. Comment on the following proverbs.

1. То know everything is to know nothing.

2. Talk of the devil and he is sure to appear.

3. Live and let live.

4. Easy come, easy go.

5. To help is human.

The Gerund

Ex. 1. Comment on the forms and functions of the Gerund in the following sentences. Translate them into Russian.

1. Seeing you is always a pleasure. 2. I remember seeing you somewhere. 3. I remember having seen her somewhere. 4. I’m thinking of seeing the film again. 5. Peter’s hobby is seeing all new films. 6. I regret having uttered these words. 7. I regretted having uttered these words. 8. I will always regret having uttered these words. 9. Having a lot of freedom is very important to me. 10. Being laughed at is never very nice. 11. It’s no good taking advantage of people’s weakness. 12. Your hair needs cutting. 13. Our programme is worth discussing it. 14. Grammar is the art of speaking, reading and writing. 15. I had no hope of meeting her here. 16. There's no danger of it happening again. 17. She had the feeling of being watched. 18. I appreciate being invited to your home. 19. I remember having been warned not to go there. 20. At first I enjoyed listening to him but after a while I got tired of hearing the same story again and again. 21. Не finished speaking and sat down. 22. There came the sound of the door closing, then being locked. 23. Jane sat through her first lesson without saying a word and without paying much attention to the lecture. 24. Despite living in the same street, we hardly ever see each other. 25. Did you hear of John's having been sent abroad? 26. The idea of him being in London didn’t leave her. 27. They were woken by the sound of the door opening.

Ex. 2. Open the brackets using Gerunds as subjects.

1. (To read) is my favourite pastime. 2. (To learn) a foreign language requires a lot of patience. 3. (To calculate) takes a lot of time. 4. (To watch TV) bored him. 5. It’s no good (to argue) about such things. 6. There is no point in (to worry) about it. 7. What I can do for hours is (to shop). 8. What I don’t like to do is (to cook). 9. Regular (to overwork) can cause a nervous breakdown. 10. What’s the point of (to get) angry? 11. It’s a waste of time (to go) there by bus. 12. It’s a waste of money (to buy) a secondhand car. 13. It’s no good (to threaten) me. 14. It’s no sense in (to warn) him. 15. There’s no point in (to demand) comprehension. 16. What’s the use of (to apply) for that job?

Ex. 3. Open the brackets using Gerund as a part of predicate.

1. Seeing is (to believe). 2. The only way out is (to ignore) him. 3. The doctor advised me to give up (to smoke). 4. We intended (to go) there in summer. 5. Tom felt like (to X-ray). 6. I can’t help (to laugh). 7. We all can’t stand (to critisize). 8. Please, avoid (to make) frequent telephone calls. 9. He stopped (to ask) questions for a while but soon he continued (to do) it. 10. He resumed (to work) after a short rest. 11. The boys stopped (to play) football after it started (to rain). 12. She kept on (to talk) her voice low and controlled. 13. I couldn’t help (to cry) because I couldn’t help (to worry) about my mother.

Ex. 4. Complete the sentences using Gerunds as direct objects.

1. I suggest … . 2. They intended … . 3. Do you like … ? 4. Everybody enjoys … . 5. They couldn’t avoid … . 6. He doesn’t remember … . 7. I regret … . 8. He never mentioned … . 9. Would you mind … ? 10. The car/house/shoes/watch want/wants … . 11. They were busy … . 12. Just imagine … . 13. She denied … . 14. I don’t feel like … . 14. Both window need … .

Ex. 5. Rewrite the sentences using the Gerund after the verbs “to need”, “to want”, “to require”, “to deserve” or the adjective “worth”. Mind that after these words the gerund is used in the active form, though it is passive in meaning.

Model: You should rebuild your house. – The house needs rebuilding. It’s worth rebuilding.

1. You should repair your car. 2. It’s high time to dust the carpet, Jack. 3. Oh, dear! You mustn’t drink this water. Filter it first. 4. You should redecorate your apartment. 5. I think it’s necessary to praise Nick. He’s got an excellent mark in English. 6. You should polish your shoes. 7. It’s time to have your hair cut. 8. You shouldn’t speak on this matter at the meeting. 9. This film is rather boring. You’d better go to the theatre next time. 10. It’ll be useful if you see this exhibition. 11. You should clean your coat. 12. You should water the roses and cut off the dead branches. 13. You should take this dress to the drycleaner’s.

Ex. 6. Use the Indefinite Gerund active or passive after the verbs “to remember”, “to excuse”, “to thank”, “to reproach”, which denote a prior action thanks to their lexical meaning. The prepositions of time fall under the same rule.

1. I remember (to talk) to him. 2. I remember (to introduce) to him but he doesn’t remember. 3. Thank you for (to help) me. 4. I’ll never forget (to go) to school for the first time. 5. Excuse me for (to bother) you, but could you lend me some money till Monday. 6. David forgave (to laugh at) and decided not to pay attention to this fact. 7. Thank you for (to come). 8. On (to arrive) home the travelers gave a long sign. 9. After (to leave) school Kate decided to enter the University. 10. She left without (to say) “Good buy”. 11. Excuse me my (to bother) you, but it’s time for a cup of tea.

Ex. 7. Complete the sentences using the Gerund as prepositional object.

1. She is looking forward to (to read) this new book. 2. Many people prefer watching TV to (to read). 3. Many apologies for (not to phone) you earlier. 4. In the morning she was ashamed of herself for (to frighten). 5. Nobody looks his best after (to sit up) all night. 6. His legs were tired from (to climb) for days. 7. He is thinking of (to leave) his job and (to go) to America. 8. The athlete came very close to (to win) a gold medal in the Olympics. 9. Mary wasn’t used to (to speak) in public. 10. They insisted on (to accompany) the girls home. 11. “I’m tired of (to be) old and wise,” – my granny used to say. 12. She is quite good at (to drive). 13. After a long time we eventually succeed in (to find) a flat. 14. I wonder what prevented him from (to come) to the party. 15. I’m getting hungry. I’m looking forward to (to have) dinner. 16. I don’t feel like (to study) today. 17. Forgive me my (to interrupt) you but I must ask you a question. 18. The arrested man was suspected in (to break) into the house. 19. Have you ever thought of (to get) married. 20. I’ve always dreamed of (to live) on a small island in the Pacific. 21. She apologized for (to be) so rude to me. 22. The student apologized for (to miss) the previous lesson. 23. I’m accustomed to (to have) a big breakfast. 24. It’s getting late. I’m worried about (to miss) the train. 25. I’m interested in (to go) to the party. 26. After a while he began to have a feeling of (to watch). I felt irritation at (to disturb).

Ex. 8. Translate the following word-combinations with Gerunds as attributes first into Russian and then back into English. Make up full sentences.

The art of teaching, the habit of speaking, a certain way of walking, a chance of seeing somebody, a hope of getting a ticket, an idea of going to the cinema, an intention of learning another foreign language, a chance of catching the train, methods of teaching English, the impression of being carried upstairs, the skills in building model boats, the instrument for measuring blood pressure, a danger of falling down.

Ex. 9. Complete the sentences by translating the word combinations in brackets. Use Gerunds.

1. There are a lot of ways of (сделать это). 2. What is your idea of (обсудить этот вопрос сейчас)? 3. Do you have the opportunity of (посетить выставку)? 4. There was no other way of (предупредить его). 5. I can’t make out the reason for (его отсутствия). 6. He has no excuse for (опаздывать на встречу). 7. I’ve got no experience in (работать учителем). 8. Do you have any objections to (я приду позже)? 9. In summer we’ll have the chance of (поехать за границу). 10. There is little hope of (закончить работу вовремя). 11. I have no intention of (обижать тебя). 12. Do you know what is peculiar about the English rule of (плавать). 13. I hate the idea of (тратить зря время). 14. He had difficulty in (найти парковку). 15. She does not like the thought of (оставлять тебя одного). 16. I don’t like (напоминать ему об этом). 17. It’s no use (плакать). 18. Do you remember (что они уже рассказывали нам об этом)? 19. Не is busy (подготовкой к докладу). 20. I have no intention of (одолжить) you any money.

Ex. 10. Open the brackets using the necessary form of the Gerund in the function of adverbial modifiers of time and attendant circumstances.

1. One day, on (to return) to his hotel, he found a note in his room. 2. At first he couldn’t understand. After (to think) it over he decided to accept the offer. 3. I’ll wash the dishes and clean up before (to go) to bed. 4. You see I couldn’t sleep for (to worry). 5. We lost the way (not to know) where to go. 6. You will achieve a lot by (to tell) the truth. 7. She dressed without (to make) a sound. 8. The door opened without (to knock) on. 9. I don’t ask any questions in spite of there (to be) a lot of questions to ask. 10. But for (to meet) John, I shouldn’t have become an English teacher. 11. On (to hear) the news he decided to set out for London at once. 14. While (to discuss) the problem they touched upon some very important items. 15. The operator can set the machine in motion by (to push) the button or (to press) the pedal. 16. Since Tom was his best friend he helped him without (to ask). 17. On (to hear) the joke everybody burst out laughing. 18. He came back after (to be) away for about 10 years. 19. On (to reach) the end of the street she turned towards the river. 20. When at school he couldn’t answer the teacher’s questions without (to be prompted). 21. He couldn’t go without Ann (to congratulate). 23. Instead of (to study), Margaret went to a ball game with some of her friends.

Ex. 11. Paraphrase the sentences using gerunds.

Model: Nick won’t pass the exam. He has no chance.

Nick has no chance of passing the exam.

1. Many people pass their driving test only at the second attempt. Many people succeed in … 2. The police think that the owner of the store started the fire himself. The police suspect … . 3. Helen has a good memory for names. Helen is good … . 4. I don’t intend to lend you any money. I have no intention … . 5. Mark won’t pass the exam. He has no chance. Mark has no chance … . 6. Did you get into trouble because you were late? Did you get into trouble … . 7. We didn’t eat at home. We went to a restaurant instead. Instead … . 8. Tom thinks that working is better than doing nothing. Tom prefers working … . 9. They got married. They didn’t tell any of their friends. They got married without … . 10. Our team played well but we lost the game. Our team lost the game in spite of … . 11. They wrote the list if guests, then worked out the details of the party. After … 12. He took the invitation. He didn’t even thank her. He took invitation without … . 13. I wanted him to help us. And he was standing there giving advice. Instead of … . 14. The astronauts received their final medical check, then they boarded their spaceship. After …

Ex. 12. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Mind the use of possessive and object forms with Gerunds (possessive is used in formal English, the object form – in conversational English).

1. There is some chance of his/him being able to join us. 2. I insist on John’s/John staying with us. 3. I like John’s/John playing the piano. 4. I remember his/him having told me that story before. 5. Fancy us/our having to walk a mile in wind like this. 6. I can’t bear you/your being so sad. 7. I think it’s no use you/your arguing about trifles. 8. I remember my mother’s/my mother laughing at my jokes. 9. You must excuse my/me not answering you before. 10. Do you mind my/me closing the door? 11. Do you mind my/me smoking here? 12. My mother’s friend spoke with pride of her son/her son’s being a pilot. 13. I insist on both of them coming in time. 14. Some parents don’t approve of their children/their children’s watching a lot of television. 15. I can’t imagine your mother’s/mother approving at what you are doing. 16. He’s often late. I don’t mind him/his being late. 17. I don’t recollect their/them promising to help you.

Ex. 13. Complete the sentences with both the possessive and object forms of the words provided. Translate into Russian.

Model: I don’t like … asking him to stay. (you) – I don’t like you/your asking him to stay.

1. Do you mind … smoking. (I)

2. They tried to stop … singing. (we)

3. They couldn’t understand … leaving home when he did. (John)

4. I’m worried about … taking so much money. (she)

5. I didn’t like … lending the car to him. (you)

6. What do you think about … resigning? (Tom)

7. I’m bored with … complaining. (they)

8. Do you know the reason for … stopping work. (they)

9. What do you think of … leaving the country like that? (she)

10. I can think of no reason for … saying that. (she)

11. I don’t like … being out so late. (he)

12. She’s worried about … being arrested. (we)

13. The firm doesn’t mind … arriving at ten o’clock. (I)

Ex. 14. Make sentences using the Gerund after the verbs “to excuse”, “to forgive”, “to pardon”, “to prevent”.

Model: to interrupt – Excuse my/me interrupting you. Excuse me for interrupting you.

To ring you up so early; to remind you of your debt; to spend so much money; to come late; not to see you off yesterday; to give you so much trouble; to ask you for help again; to remind you of your promise; not to ring you up on Monday; to break an appointment on Friday; to forget our arrangement, to meet on Sunday; to say it.

Ex. 15. Match the columns to make up sentences. Translate the sentences into Russian.

A teacher of English must avoid … Closing the factory means … The teacher wouldn’t tolerate … I don’t remember … He entered Oxford University … The language develops slowly by… I was able to translate the text without … She frightened her father by … He was born with the gift of … He insisted on … He couldn’t help … I can’t help thinking … He avoided … He admitted … No one likes …

Peter’s arriving late every day. speaking too quickly. putting people out of work. winning hearts. hearing the legend before. after leaving high school. modifying its vocabulary and grammar. using the dictionary. bursting into tears. admiring the man. being taken to the concert. making the same mistakes again. having seen you before. having made the same mistakes again. being thought a fool.

Ex. 16. Use the correct form of the Gerund of the verbs in brackets. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. My sister would never live without (to see) me. 2. I don’t quite like (to remind) people of their duties. 3. I thanked her for (to make) a list of all those presents. 4. She denies (to see) me in the shop. 5. (To swim) everyday is a good way of keeping fit. 6. He surprised us all by (to go) away without (to say) “good-bye”. 7. After (to look through) and (to sort out) the letters were registered and filed. 8. The teacher was displeased with the boys’ (to be) noisy. 9. Do you mind (to be examined) the first? 10. She showed no sign of (to impress) by his words. 11. The boys were punished for (to break) the window. 12. We insist on (to send) him the letter in advance. 13. He insists on (to send) an invitation to them instead of me. 14. After (to do) the same job for 10 years, I felt I needed a change. 15.  Try to avoid (to make) him angry. 16. Stop (to argue) and start (to work). 17. I am against (to make) any complaints. 18. He was fined for (to drive) without lights. 19. We are looking forward to (to read) your new book. 20. The idea is worth (to consider).

Ex. 17. Translate the sentences into English using the correct forms of the Gerund.

1. Увидев клоуна, зрители рассмеялись. 2. Мальчик не отрицал, что потерял книгу. 3. Учитель настаивал, чтобы ученики записали новые слова. 4. Эту книгу стоит прочитать. 5. Я не одобряю того, что вы пропускаете уроки. 6. Я устала от того, что со мной обращаются как с ребенком. 7. Мне не хочется идти на прогулку сейчас. 8. Мне стыдно, что я сделала так много ошибок в последнем переводе. 9. Она жалуется на головную боль. 10. Спасибо, что помог мне сделать домашнюю работу. 11. Я не могу привыкнуть к жизни в таком жарком климате. 12. Мы подумываем о покупке новой машины в следующем месяце. 13. Нина потратила целый день, делая покупки. 14. Нет смысла ждать автобус, мы на него опоздали. 15. Терпеть не могу стоять в очередях. 16. Мы с нетерпением ожидаем встречи с вами. 17. Он ушел не попрощавшись. 18. Дом нужно ремонтировать. Нет смысла покупать новую мебель. 19. Карен предложила сходить на прогулку. 20. Он предпочитает чтение книг просмотру фильмов. 21. Терпеть не могу ждать. 22. Он избегал встречи с ней. 23. Он приехал сюда с целью выразить свое почтение. 24. Наконец-то ему удалось пересдать свой экзамен. 25. Не делайте это, не обдумав все как следует. 26. Нет смысла винить себя. Вы сделали все, что смогли.

Ex. 18. Answer the following questions using Gerunds.

1. Do you mind getting up at 7 o’clock every morning?

2. Do you like going to discos? Why?

3. Do you like writing “thank you” letters?

4. What is a good way of keeping fit?

5. Do you prefer traveling by plane or by ship? Why?

6. Do you prefer doing practical things to reading or creative writing?

7. Do you enjoy talking to others about their opinions?

8. Are you good at persuading others?

9. Do you usually put much effort into doing the job you like?

10. Do you usually postpone doing work till next time?

11. Are you good at using computers and learning languages?

12. Are you for or against learning things by heart?

13. Are you good at socializing with different people?

Ex. 19. Open the brackets using the correct forms of Gerunds. Tell about Gillian Forbes.

A Flying Start

Gillian Forbes is only 17 and she has just got her pilot’s license. She is the country’s youngest girl pilot. “How do you feel? Gillian?” I asked her after her test. “Wonderful!” Gillian cried. “I enjoy … (to fly) more than anything in the world. I can’t imagine … (to let) a week pass without … (to spend) some of my time in the air.” “How did you begin … (to fly)?” I asked. “I just love … (to travel) in planes. I started … (to learn) to fly when I was very young.” “Would you consider … (to fly) as a career?” “I might, but I’ve got to pass my school exams now. There are some things you can’t avoid … (to do)!” “Excuse … (me/my/to ask),” I said, “but does everyone in your family approve of (you/your/to fly)?” “Of course not!” she said. “What’s your greatest ambition now?” “I want to learn to drive a car!” Gillian said with a big smile.

Ex. 20. Think of the Russian equivalents for the following proverbs. Use them in short situations of your own.

to like

to like

1. Seeing is believing.

2. Repetition is the mother of learning.

3. There's no use crying over spilt milk.

4. You can’t make an omelet without breaking eggs.

5. If the thing is worth doing it, do it yourself.

6. Talking mends no holes.

The Gerund and The Infinitive Compared

Ex.1. Remember that these verbs can be followed both by the Infinitive and Gerund.

to advise to agree to allow can’t afford can’t bear

to be afraid (of) to begin to cease to consider to continue

to like to dislike to hate to forbid to intend

to love to need to permit to plan to prefer

to propose regret to require to start to try

These verbs can be followed only by Gerund:

can’t help can’t stand to acknowledge to admit to anticipate

to appreciate to avoid to deny to detest to enjoy

to excuse to fancy to finish to foresee to forgive

to imagine to mention to mind to miss to postpone

to practice to prevent to put off to recollect to report

to resent to resist to risk to suggest to understand

Ex. 2. Comment on the use of the Infinitive and Gerund.

1. I hate doing morning exercises. I hate to tell you this. 2. He likes giving advice to people. 3. He refused to give me any advice, he wasn’t an expert. 4. You should try studying. You should try to study more. 5. She regretted having told him about it. I regret to inform you that your offer has been rejected. 6. We found it very difficult to reach a decision. Reaching a decision is sometimes very difficult. 7. We are eager to return to school in autumn. She is looking forward to returning to her country. 8. George pretended to be sick yesterday. 9. Henry shouldn’t risk driving so fast. 10. He demands to know what is going on. 11. He urged us to walk faster. 12. I wish to see the manager. 13. Don’t forget to lock the door before going to bed. 14. My mother told me not to speak to anyone about it. 15. He tried to explain but she refused to listen. 16. Would you mind showing me how the lift works? 17. After walking for three hours we stopped to let the others catch up with us. 18. I’m beginning to understand what you mean. 19. Mother makes me play with my little brother but I hate playing with him.

Ex. 3. Make an equivalent sentence, with the Gerund or the Infinitive, for each of these sentences.

Model: It’s hard to blow up balloons. – Blowing balloons is hard.

1. It’s not easy to blow out all the candles.

2. Making a wish before you blow out the candle is very important.

3. Opening the presents is exciting.

4. Washing the dishes after the party is no fun.

5. It’s sad to have to wait the whole year for your next birthday.

6. Reading good books is very important.

7. To go out in any weather is good for you.

8. To work too much can be hard.

9. Doing an interesting job is exciting.

10. Watching bad movies is a waste of time.

Ex. 4. Translate the sentences into Russian and then back into English. Mind that after the verbs “to remember”, “to forget”, “to prefer”, “to try”, “to stop”, “to mean”, “to go on” and “need” both forms are possible but with different meanings.

Model: Martin forgot to ring Linda (he didn’t ring her)

Martin forgot ringing Linda (he rang, but forgot)

1. I can’t remember putting it here. I remembered to put it here. 2. Remember to feed the cat. I remember feeding the cat. 3. We regret to tell you that our flight is cancelled. We regret having told you about it. 4. Try doing everything yourself. I tried to do it, but nothing came of it. 5. Stop talking, children. He stopped once to buy petrol and he stopped again to ask someone the way. 6. I’m applying for a visa. It means filling in this form. I mean to go to France but I may also change for the cruise. 7. Go on reading the text, please. The student went on to read the text. 8. I need to cut my hair. My hair needs cutting. 9. We prefer staying at the Europe hotel. We’d prefer to stay at the Europe next time, too. 10. You must remember packing things carefully when you go abroad for holiday. You must remember to pack your dictionary when you go abroad for holiday. 11. I’d forgotten him, but he says he remembers seeing me at Jane’s party. 12. Please don’t forget to give the message to your mother! 13. Mike once saw a spaceship. He’ll never forget it. 14. I posted the letter on Friday morning. I can remember it. 15. He stopped smoking. 16. He stopped to have a smoke and noticed a wallet in the grass.

Ex. 5. Choose the right variant with the following verbs.

Model : The mother used to (do/doing) all the work about the house.

The mother used to do all the work about the house. (but)

The mother was used to doing all the work about the house alone.

1. He used to (to be/being) good at mathematics. 2. I got used to (to get up/getting up) very early. 3. In the Dark Ages people used to (to think/thinking) that the sun goes round the earth. 4. He wasn't used to (to work/working) late at night. 5. He used to (to study/studying) late at night when a youth. 6. She was used to (to wander/wandering) about the fields by herself. 7. In my childhood my aunt used to (to bring/bringing) little presents for me. 8. He quickly got used to (to have/having) a good meal and nice suits. 9. He used to (to say/saying) that there was nothing like warm crisp brown bread spread with honey.

Ex. 6. Practice the use of adjective + Gerund construction. Mind proper prepositions with adjectives.

Model: I don’t usually carry my passport with me. I’m afraid I may lose it.

I’m afraid of losing my passport.

1. I arrived at the airport in good time. I thought I might get stuck in traffic (afraid). 2. I was hesitating whether to make the next step because I didn’t like to fall from the rock (afraid). 3. I was looking forward to taking my exams but I was scared I might fail (afraid). 4. He didn’t want to go to the party because he didn’t want to meet someone who might recognize him (afraid). 5. He didn’t know how to tell her the sad news (afraid). 6. I don’t want to speak about the results of the game. They are quite poor (ashamed). 7. I’d rather not tell you what I scored in the game (ashamed). 8. I’m worried because I have to go on a trip alone (anxious). 9. The team were sad. They lost the game (ashamed). 10. Mr. Brown likes to play chess very much (keen on). 11. Excuse me, I didn’t mean to be so rude last night (sorry). He was sorry to ring me so late. He apologized. 12. He was afraid to speak because he didn’t know anybody (anxious about).

Ex. 7. Practice the use of “to be afraid to do”/ “be afraid of doing” in the following sentences.

1. I’m afraid (to take) an exam because I’m afraid (to fail) it. 2. He was afraid (to leave) the house because he was afraid (to meet) someone who might recognize him. 3. He was afraid (to say) a word because he did not know anybody. 4. I’m afraid (to go) by plane. 5. He was afraid (to tell) her the sad news. 6. My sister is such a coward! She can't see horror films because she is afraid (to meet) a ghost at night. 7. I’m afraid (to loose) my passport that’s why I don’t carry it with me. 8. I’m afraid (to get stuck) in traffic, so I arrived at the airport in good time. 9. I’m ashamed (to speak) about the results of the game, they are quite poor. 10. I’m sorry (to hear) that Ann lost her job.

Ex. 8. Open the brackets using the correct forms of the Infinitive or the Gerund.

1. He was fined for (to exceed) the speed limit. 2. I couldn’t help (to overhear) what you were talking about. 3. Mrs. Jones: I don’t allow (to smoke) in my drawing-room. Mrs. Smith: I don’t allow my family (to smoke) at all. 4. He surprised us all by (to go) away without (to say) “Goodbye”. 5. Please go on (to write); I don’t mind (to wait). 6. He wore dark glasses (to avoid) (to be) recognized. 7. Before (to give) evidence you must swear (to speak) the truth. 8. Your windows need (to clean); would you like me (to do) them for you? 9. I can’t help (to sneeze): I caught a cold yesterday from (to sit) in a draught. 10. Do stop (to talk); I am trying (to finish) a letter. 11. His doctor advised him (to give up) (to jog). 12. I prefer (to drive) to (to be driven). 13. Would you mind (to lend) me £5? I forgot (to cash) a cheque. 14. I suggested (to telephone) the hospital before (to ask) the police (to look) for him. 15. I tried (to explain) to him but he refused (to listen) and went on (to grumble). 16. It is usually easier (to learn) a subject by (to read) books than by (to listen) to lectures. 17. It’s not much use (to have) a bicycle if you don’t know how (to ride) it. 18. He didn’t dare (to leave) the house because he was afraid of (to meet) someone who might (to recognize) him. 19. I know my hair wants (to cut) but I never have time (to go) to the hairdresser’s. 20. She rushed out the room without (to give) me a chance (to explain). 21. I didn’t feel like (to work) so I suggested (to spend) the day in the garden. 22. I liked (to listen) to folk music much better than (to listen) to pop. 23. You’ll never regret (to do) a kind action.

Ex. 9. Translate the words in brackets using the Infinitive or the Gerund.

1. It is pleasant (сидеть) by the fire at night and (слушать) the wind howling outside. 2. There was no way of (выбраться) out of the building except by (спустить) down a rope and Ann was too terrified (сделать) this. 3. Ask him (зайти) in. Don’t keep him (стоять) at the door. 4. I knew I wasn’t the first (приехать), for I saw smoke (подниматься) from the chimney. 5. It is unpleasant (проснуться) and (слышать) the rain (стучать) on the windows. 6. He saw the lorry (начать) roll forwards but he was too far away (сделать) anything (остановить) it. 7. “I was lonely at first”, the old man admitted, “but after a time I got used to (жить) alone and even got (нравиться) it.” 8. Before trains were invented people used to (путешествовать) on horse-back or in stage coaches. I used to (надо было) three days (чтобы добраться) from London to Bath. 9. Tom: I want (успеть на) the 7. a.m. train tomorrow. Ann: But that means (вставать) up at 6:00; and you are not very good at (вставать) early, are you? 10. He accepted the cut in salary without complaint because he was afraid (жаловаться). He was afraid of (потерять) his job. 11. She remembers part of her childhood quite clearly. She remembers (ходить) to school for the first time and (быть) frightened and (класть) her finger in her mouth. And she remembers her teacher (сказать) her (убрать) it out.12. I am looking forward (встретить) you. 13. I wish (увидеть) the manager. 14. It’s no use (ждать). 15. Don’t forget (закрыть) the door before (пойти) to bed. 16. He tried (объяснять) but she refused (слушать). 17. I am beginning (понимать) what you mean. 18. He was fined for (превышать) the speed limit. 19. The boys like (играть) games but hate (делать) lessons. 20. I regret (сообщать) you that your application has been refused.

Ex. 10. Translate the words and combinations in italics and open the brackets using either the Gerund or the Infinitive to make the sentences complete.

1. Please, продолжайте (to write); я не против (to wait). 2. He wore dark glasses, чтобы избежать (to be) recognized. 3. Я пытался (to persuade) him (to agree) with your proposal. 4. Do прекратите (to talk). Я стараюсь (to finish) a letter. 5. Он не любит (to answer) the phone, and very often just позволяет it (to ring). 6. Я советую you (to start, to look) for a flat at once. 7. Вы не будете возражать (to lend) me ten pence? Я хочу (to make) a phone call. 8. (To lie) on this beach is более приятно than (to sit) in the office. 9. An instructor прибудет (to show) us как (to use) the aqualung. 10. By (to offer) enormous wages он убеждает men (to leave) their present jobs and (to work) for him. 11. Он откладывал (to make) decision till it was слишком поздно (to do) anything. 12. Представьте (to have to, to get up) at five a.m. every day. 13. Please, простите me for (to interrupt) you but не могли бы вы (to repeat) that last sentence. 14. She rushed out of the room, не давая мне шанса (to explain). 15. Он продолжает (to ask) me the time and я продолжаю (to tell) him (to buy) himself a watch. 16. I didn’t feel like (to work) so я предложил (to spend) the day in the garden. 17. Извините for (to be) late. Было любезно с вашей стороны (to wait) for me.

Ex. 11. Decide whether “to” is functioning as a preposition or as part of an infinitive and then complete the sentences with the Gerund or the Infinitive forms of the verbs in brackets.

1. Hard work is the key to (to pass) examinations. 2. Having suggested the scheme myself I now feel committed to (to make) it work. 3. It might be better (to try, to discuss) it in his own language as he isn’t used to (to speak) English. 4. I do not object to his (to come) late but I don’t want him (to come) too late. 5. We used to (to live) in the country when we were children but now we got used to (to live) in a big city. 6. I am looking forward to (to spend) some weeks abroad but I wouldn’t like (to live) there all the time. 7. What do you like (to do) in your free time? – I like (to visit) my friends. – And I prefer having friends in to (to go) out with them.

Ex. 12. Rewrite the sentences with the Infinitive and the Gerund using the verbs in brackets.

1. “Please tidy your room,” she said to her children. (want) – Mother …

2. “I won’t lend you any money,” she said to me. (refuse) – She …

3. “I think you should look for a better job,” I said to Jerry. (advise) – I …

4. “Get out of bed!” she said to her children. (tell) – She …

5. “You can go home early, “ the teacher said to the class. (let) – The teacher …

6. “You must practice for two hours every day!” my piano teacher says to me. (make) – My piano teacher …

7. “Try to avoid reading in a bad light”. (advise) – My mother …

8. “Why do you keep (to look) back? Stop it”. (insist) – My friend …

9. “You should clean your teeth before (to go) to bed.(advise) – I …

10. “Please, don’t enter the room without (to ask) permission”.(warn) – The secretary …

11. “The windows are very dirty, they need (to clean)”. (make remark) – We …

12. “I’m still thirsty in spite of (to drink) three cups of tea”. (complain) – My partner …

13. “There is no point in (to arrive) half an hour early”. (explain) – The official …

The Participle

Ex. 1. Paraphrase the following word combinations according to the model. Translate them into Russian.

Model: a) a dancing girl = a girl who is dancing (or dances)

b) an increased population = population that has been increased

а) a smiling girl, playing children, a writing boy, a laughing baby, a sleeping man, singing birds, a walking couple, reading audience, a running sportsman, a crying child, a burning house, the rising sun, running water, a flying plane, a smoking man, quarrelling neighbours, an annoying person, a fascinating idea, a whistling boy, convincing words, a tiring trip, peace-loving people.

b) a broken cup, a translated text, an unlocked door, an occupied room, a posted letter, produced goods, a surprised face, packed things, a typed report, loaded goods, an unexpected visitor, an exhausted man, roasted coffee, fried meat, smoked bacon, a devoted friend, a lost key, a frightened boy, a well-shaven man, a long-forgotten story, a well-acted play, a carefully-planned project, a religiously mixed area.

Ex. 2. Change the Present Participle into the Past Participle where possible. Translate into Russian.

Model: the rising moon – the risen moon

A developing country, a falling tree, a dying soldier, a drinking man, fading leaves, a vanishing civilization, a burning house, an amusing person, a retiring officer, a closing door, changing winds, protecting laws, approaching man, vending machine, a growing number of unemployed.

Ex. 3. Open the brackets using the correct form of Participle I.

1. (To write) a letter, he was looking at his watch. 2. (To write) a letter he called his friend. 3. (To do) the work, they were very careful. 4. (To do) the work they went to the bar. 5. (To walk) home she enjoyed the weather. 6. (To come) home he went to take a bath. 7. (To read) the book he found out many new facts about the war. 8. (To read) the book he took it back for the library. 9. (To sit) at the window he caught a cold. 10. (To sit) at the window he moved closer to the fireplace. 11. He was very careful (to drive) the car. 12. (To drive) the car he decided to wash it up. 13. (Not to see) her for a long time he didn’t recognize her. 14. Seeing her very often he had the hope of getting ackwaited one day.

Ex. 4. Analyze the functions of Participle I and Participle II in the following sentences. Translate them into Russian and then back into English.

1. The boy climbing the tree to get birds’ eggs had a bad fall. 2. Climbing the tree to get birds’ eggs, the boy had a bad fall. 3. Belarus is a member of many international organizations including the United Nations. 4. This is the book so much spoken about. 5. The method followed by our scientists was not simple. 6. He was a little boy named Jim. 7. Having found no one at home he went to his neighbours. 8. A letter lying on the table must be posted. 9. The cat washing behind the ear is telling you about the coming rain. 10. If asked he will explain you everything. 11 That was the main question asked by the police. 12. The stones thrown into the water go to the bottom. 13. It was a neatly written letter. 14. The book referred to is not to be found in our library. 15. The patient has his arm broken. 16. He came in carrying a big parcel. 17. We came up to the crying girl to ask where her mother was. 18. I saw him working in the garden. 19. I heard the children speaking in the next room. 20. We saw an old woman coming towards us and heard her asking for help. 21. The weather being awful, I stayed at home and heard the rain beating on the windows. 22. He turned and went out, we following him. 23. She sat silent, with her eyes fixed on the ground. 24. The children were seen running to the river. 25. The flight to Moscow was heard announced. 26. He drank his champaine standing. 27. I could see the luggage being taken away. 28. When questioned he denied being a member of the group. 29. He said as if thinking allowed. 30. He moved his lips as if trying to speak. 31. He stood as though struck by my words. 32. Frankly speaking I haven’t been there at all.

Ex.5. Complete the sentences with the Participle as a predicative using one of the words in the box.

amusing/amused, thrilling/thrilled, boring/bored, disappointing/disappointed,

terrifying/terrified, shocking/shocked, exhausting/exhausted,

embarrassing/embarrassed, impressing/impressed

1. The lecture was … I was … and fell asleep. 2. I am starting a new job on Monday. I’m quite … about it. 3. That person is … . Everybody is …to talk to him. 4. It is … to me that he would be absent. I am … . 5. The film is … . Small children can be … . 6. The news was … . I was … by it. 7. The man was … . It was an … work. 8. Nina’s behaviour was … . Her behaviour … me. 9. Having arrived in Gomel in simmer I was highly … by the city.

Ex. 6. Change the following sentences using Present and Past Participles attributively.

Model 1: The man who is reading a book is my father. – The man reading a book is my father.

1. I took the newspaper which was lying on the table. 2. The house which is being built opposite my house is a modern nine-storied building. 3. The pupil who is being asked by the teacher is Pavlov. 4. Here is your lunch which is waiting for you. 5. I received from her another letter which said that she was passing through Paris and would like to have a chat with me. 6. The boy who’s sitting in the corner is my cousin. 7. I used to tell all my troubles to Mr. Wink, our neighbour who lived next door. 8. When I was walking home I saw a man who was following me. 9. He climbed the road which went up to the monastery. 10. Passengers, who are flying to London, please go to Gate 3. 11. A plane crashed into the sea yesterday. It was carrying 28 passengers. 12. Some paintings were stolen from the place. They belong to the Queen. 13. Historians study and describe the historic events which take place in different epochs and in different countries.

Model 2: I like this city. It is located on the bank of the river.

I like this city located on the bank of the river.

1. The great majority of examples which are included in this book are typical of spoken English. 2. This book must be returned on the date which is last marked below. 3. Joan had enormous black eyes which were framed in velvet lashes and eyebrows. 4. I have a letter for you which was received two days ago. 5. In their college, as well as in ours, the students have lots of exams which are held at the end of each term. 6. There will be a lot of participants at the conference that will be held in May. 7. The jewels were stolen from the museum. They haven’t been found yet. 8. These houses were built many years ago. They are not as convenient as modern ones. 9. Follow the instruction that is given at the top of the page. 10. The car which is parked in front of the house is mine. 11. The vegetables which are sold in this shop are grown without chemicals. 12. Belarusians had suffered a lot during the Great Patriotic War and now it is one of the most peace-loving nations in the world.

Ex. 7. Join the pairs of sentences, using Participle I as adverbial modifiers of time.

Model: She finished her work. Then she went home. – Having finished her work, she went home.

1. She looked out of the window. She saw the neighbour’s children planting a tree. 2. John was doing his English. He was interrupted several times. 3. After he was through with his classes he used to play chess with his father. 4. After they had visited the museum they decided to have a cup of coffee. 5. When we arrived at the station we didn’t find anybody to meet us. 6. I came back from the club and fell asleep at once. 7. I had looked through the fashion magazine. I realized that my clothes were out of date. 8. I fed the dog. I sat down to my own dinner. 9. I was watching television. Then I fell asleep. 10. Jim was playing tennis. He hurt his arm. 11. I was walking home in the rain. I got wet. 12. Rita was driving to work yesterday. She had an accident. 13. After they had had dinner they continued their journey. 14. He got off the bus and walked fast towards the city park. 15. When he was given a dictionary he managed to translate the article quickly. 16. When he was taken to the hospital the patient felt better. 17. He was given an advice. He knew what to do next. 18. She entered the room suddenly. She found them smoking. 19. I turned on the light. I was astonished at what I saw.

Ex. 8. Use the participles given below as adverbial modifiers of manner/attendant circumstances. Translate the sentences into Russian.

taking, thinking, holding, looking, driving, smoking, reading,

translating, watching, admiring, waiting

1. He lay on the sofa … . 2. He sat for a long time … . 3. The young lady was standing by the window … the beautiful view. 4. He was sitting in the armchair … a newspaper. 5. Andrew dived into the water … a deep breath. 6. They stood there, mother and son, … at the stranger. 7. He sat down at the table … his hat on the chair. 8. He stood … the match. 9. While he was … the text, he wrote out new words. 10. He never speaks on the cell phone … a car. 11. She would sit there for hours … for the telephone to ring.

Ex. 9. Join the sentences using Participle I as an adverbial modifier of cause/reason.

Model 1: I paused. I didn’t know how to express myself.

I paused not knowing how to express myself.

As he had spent all his money he decided to go home.

Having spent all his money he decided to go home.

1. He was ill. He had to stay at home. 2. I knew that he was poor. I offered him a room. 3. It’s a pity I don’t know French. So I couldn’t understand what they were talking about. 4. I came here this afternoon. I thought I might find Carry. 5. He wasn’t surprised to see her. He had been informed about her arrival. 6. She stared back. She didn’t know what to do. 7. The children had a week’s holiday. The school had been closed because of influenza epidemic. 8. He was very angry when his car broke down. He had had it serviced only a week before. 9. No one was surprised at the rate of bank change. It had already been confidently expected by investors. 10. We decided not to visit Oxford. It was the time of the summer vacation. There were few students in residence. 11. The bank had some financial problems. It was unable to give loans to its customers. 12. She didn't want to listen to the story again. She had heard it before. 13. I sat in the front row. I saw everything. 14. I seldom visit art galleries. I’m not particularly interested in art. 15. I have seen photographs of this place. I have no desire to go there. 16. He found no one at home. He left the house in a bad temper. 17. Unable to attend to the conference I was asked to send type-written reports. 18. As he was busy he refused an invitation. 19. As he was late he had to excuse himself. 20. As the book is written in simple English, it’s suitable for beginners. 21. As they hadn’t been arrested they were able to leave the police station. 22. I felt tired. So I went to bed early. 23. She is a foreigner. So she needs a visa to stay in this country. 24. I didn’t know his address. So I wasn’t able to contact him. 25. Sarah has travelled a lot. She knows a lot about other countries.

Ex. 10. Change the sentences using Participle II in the adverbial clauses. Translate the sentences into Russian.

Model: If he was given an opportunity he would make a good pianist.

(If) given an opportunity he would make a good pianist.

1. If he is given time he will make the first-class chess-player. 2. Though he was hurt by her attitude he didn’t show it. 3. Her new dress fitted her as though it was made to her measurements. 4. When they were told how much the trip would cost they decided to stay at home. 5. Though she was surprised by his arrival, she didn’t show it. 6. When he was asked for help, he refused. 7. When the boy was left to himself, he took the toys and began to play. 8. He had sprung to action as if he was frightened. 9. When she was questioned, Irene smiled tolerantly. 10. I can’t forget Tom’s face. When he was asked about the accident, he began to cry. 11. She suddenly stopped as if she was struck by the news. 12. When it’s seen in this light the matter doesn’t seem so serious. 13. He looked sleepy as if he was exhausted by his journey. 14. When the modal verb “must” is used with the Perfect Infinitive of the main verb, it has a past time reference. 15. Although it was built years ago, it was in good order. 16. If the picture is seen from this angle, it looks rather good. 17. When the poem is read aloud it is very effective. 18. Though she was surprised by his arrival, she did not show it. 19. If you treat it gently, the fabric should last for years. 20. If he was given an opportunity, he would make a good pianist. 21. If you are accepted for the job, you will be informed soon. 22. Though he was annoyed by his failure, he continued to work hard. 23. Jane who was greatly surprised to see her son here looked up. 24. When she was told the price, she put the shirt back on its place. 25. Though he was hurt by her attitude, he didn’t show it. 26. Her new dress fitted her as though it was made to her measurements. 27. If he is given time, he’ll make the first-class chess player. 28. When the boy was left to himself he took the toys and began to play.

Ex. 11. Complete the sentences using Participle I as part of the Objective-with-the-Participle Construction.

1. I last saw him (to go towards) the riverbank. 2. Did you hear voices (to call) for help? 3. When Mary opened her eyes she saw Nina (to stand) by her side. 4. Can you feel something (to burn)? 5. She liked to see him (to dig and to plant). 6. He found them (to sit together and to talk peacefully). 7. She felt her voice (to tremble) and tried to control herself. 8. She watched him (to pass the gate and to walk down the street). 9. I saw him (to put) his case right here. 10. Nick felt his heart (to overflow) with love for his family. 11. He could feel himself (to turn) red. 12. They turned to see the sun (to set). 13. I found him (to sit) under the tree. 14. We felt the weather (to change), the wind (to get) stronger. 15. I found my friends (to wait) for me. 16. Adeline found her husband (to stand) in the middle of the room (to wait) for her. 17. I saw mother (to look) at me. 18. I caught her (to look) at me. 19. I won’t have you (to smoke) at your age! 20. I watched him (to hurry) down the path toward the other man.

Ex. 12. Paraphrase the following so as to use Objective-with-the-Participle Construction.

Model: Tom got into the car and drove away. I saw this.

I saw Tom getting into his car and driving away.

1. Yesterday he saw Ann. She was waiting for a bus. 2. He was walking along the street. I saw this when I drove past in my car. 3. I turned round suddenly. Somebody called my name. I heard it. 4. The old man was telling his story from beginning to end. We listened to him. 5. Listen, a baby is crying. Can you hear? 6. The coffee was boiling in the kitchen. Through the open door I could smell it. 7. He was reading the letters, frowning at one, smiling at another, dismissing the next with no expression. I watched him. 8. Something exploded outside. I heard it. 9. The building shook. I felt it and couldn’t believe it. 10. People were shouting. I heard. 11. The police arrived. I saw them. They were over there. 12. The alarm was ringing. I could hear it. It went on and on, there was panic.

Ex. 13. Use the words given below as parts of the Objective-with-the-Past-Participle construction.

shampooed, cut off, removed, sung, finished, known, saved, changed, translated, seen, covered, deserted, mended, repaired, locked, called, whitewashed, made, typed

1. They found the door … . 2. King Charles I had his head … . 3. Have you ever seen the mountains … with snow? 4. Please have these letters … into English. 5. He thought it necessary to have the ceiling of the room … . 6. We found the house … . 7. I’d like my hair … . 8. Have you ever heard this opera … in Italian? 9. He heard his name … from behind. 10. I’ve recently had my appendix … . 11. Have you got your watch …? 12. They have scarcely any money …. for their old age. 13. You should make your views … . 14. I’ll set the matter … to. 15. I’d like my shoes … . 16. Can we have the programme … . 17. I’m having a new dress … . 18. We wanted the article to be … .

Ex. 14. Use the words in brackets as parts of the Objective-with-the-Past-Participle construction.

1. Standing on the porch, she watched the luggage (to carry) into the house. 2. Dianna had the table (to lay) on. 3. Next morning he got his cheque (to cash). 4. He saw the scientists (to divide) into two unequal groups. 5. She had her bag (to steal) on a train. 6. Mr. Brown had his passport (to take) away from him by police. 7. You can get your clothes (to make) in Europe. 8. I consider myself (to engage) to John. 9. You must make your news (to know). 10. 1. I’d like my hair (to dye). 11. We want the work (to do) by Saturday. 12. I want it (to do) tomorrow. 13. We wanted this article (to type).

Ex. 15. Ask your friend when the action took place. Use Participle II in causative construction.

Model: When did John have his appendix removed?

He had his appendix removed three days ago.

1. To have their photos taken (a week ago). 2. To have their house painted (last summer). 3. To have her bag stolen (four days ago). 4. To have all the windows broken during the storm (last week). 5. To have the house broken into by the thieves (yesterday). 6. To have his medicine prepared (two hours ago). 7. To have the matter seen to (two weeks ago). 8. To have his car repaired (a fortnight ago). 9. To have the grass cut (last week). 10. To have my eyes tested (two months ago).

Ex. 16. Use the required forms of the Participle as part of the Subjective-with-the-Participle constructions. Translate the sentences into Russian.

Model: The car was heard (to approach). – The car was heard approaching.

1. She was seen (to look) through the book in the library. 2. From the film a man could be seen (to run). 3. The air was felt (to grow) colder. 4. She was found (to warm) herself by the fire. 5. Several boys were seen (to ride) on horse back across the field. 6. The air was felt (to grow) cold. 7. They were heard (to argue) in the terrace a few minutes ago. 8. When I rang the bell a dog could be heard (to bark) in the hall. 9. They were heard (to talk) together. 10. Every day he could be seen (to work) in the garden. 11. The baby was seldom heard (to cry). 12. Smoke could be seen (to rise) from the village. 13. About that time hurricane Donna was reported (to tromp) her way out of the Caribbean in our direction. 14. The escaped prisoner was found (to hide) in a barn. 15. The waves were heard (to dash) against the rocks. 16. The invitation was treated as (to be) a good sign.

Ex. 17. Paraphrase the following so as to use the Subjective-with-the-Participle construction.

Model: We heard a typewriter clattering in the next room.

A typewriter was heard cluttering in the next room.

1. One could see dolphins playing in the distance. 2. Trough the open window we heard the piano being played. 3. They saw Mr. Brown entering his office early in the morning. 4. We heard him explaining something to his son. 5. They watched the boys playing football. 6. Someone saw her walking around the garden. 7. They kept me waiting at the door for full five minutes. Everybody saw this. 8. We saw them signing the paper. 9. He watched the postman distributing the mail. 10. We heard them whispering about something. 11. She found the secretary looking through morning newspapers. 12. We saw as two young men were whispering about something.

Ex. 18. Paraphrase the following so that to use the Nominative Absolute Participial construction.

Model: As it was Sunday, the beach was crowded.

It being Sunday, the beach was crowded.

1. As this book was not available in Russian, I had to read it in English. 2. As the situation was urgent, we had to go ahead. 3. The town of Crewe is known to be one of the busiest junctions in England; many railway lines pass through it. 4. We set off, the rain was still coming down heavily. 5. As my memory is very weak, I find it difficult to remember dates. 6. The old man sat staring into the fire, his long legs were stretched out. 7. When all the questions had been settled everybody went home. 8. When the dinner was ready, everybody sat down to table. 9. Although the twins were very much alike, their parents seemed to have no difficulty in distinguishing them. 10. As our efforts to start the car had failed, we spent the night at a nearby village. 11. As the front door was open, she could see straight through the house.

Ex. 19. Translate the following sentences into Russian.

1. The door and window of the vacant room being open, we looked in. 2. This duty completed, he had three months leave. 3. It being now pretty late, we took our candles and went upstairs. 4. He turned and went, we, as before, following him. 5. Circumstances permitting, we shall start tomorrow. 6. George rose and strolled out of the lawn, all his dogs following him. 7. The novel having been read, Lane put it aside. 8. Her aunt having left the room, I asked Ann for some personal help. 9. With the mortgage paid, they could afford to go abroad for their vocation. 10. Her eyes glittering with tears, she stood up and asked the council: “What should I do?” 11. The old man stood up with tears running down his face. 12. The subject having been opened, he had to go on with it. 13. He proceeded to light his pipe. That done, he put on his woolen scarf and went out. 14. It was a calm day with every object at the sea surface visible for miles. 15. Piere and Marie Curie discovered radium and polonium, the latter being named after Marie’s native land. 16. All other factors, being constant, the current is directly proportional to the conductivity. 17. An electrostatic field can be detected by an electroscope, the strength being measured by an electrometer. 18. The atoms coming close to each other, their energy levels will shift only slightly.

Ex. 20. Make up sentences, using the following phrases as nominative absolute constructions.

1. There being no time to lose … . 2. The concert over … . 3. It being late … . 4. Hands in pockets … . 5. With his eyes wide open … . 6. Such being the case … . 7. Our car being damaged … . 8. People singing and dancing … . 9. With all the windows lit … . 10. A cup of tea before him untouched … . 11. Her gaze fixed on the pianist hands … .

Ex. 21. Give Russian equivalents to the following.

1. If you want a thing well done, do it yourself.

2. Danger foreseen is half avoided.

3. Seldom seen, soon forgotten.

4. Rats desert a sinking ship.

5. Let sleeping dogs lie.

The Infinitive, Gerund and Participles Compared

Ex. 1. State what part of speech the underlined words are: Gerund, Participle or Verb-noun. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. Driving at a high speed is dangerous. 2. Driving in a motorcar we passed many small villages. 3. The driving wheel of the machine is broken. 4. He kept looking through the window. 5. Looking back upon that time he realized how happy he had been then. 6. These findings are of great use for scholars. 7. Having found the answer to his question he relaxed. 8. After finding a new word in the dictionary I wrote it down. 9. Seeing this man I recollected perfectly having met him many years before. 10. Seeing is believing. 11. We sat by the river-side listening to the running of the water. 12. Listening comprehension is important in developing language skills. 13. Running water is always better than standing water. 14. Singing was her hobby. 15. We heard somebody singing a beautiful song. 16. The singing of this song impressed me greatly. 17. Reading a good book gives me a lot of pleasure. 18. Growing tomatoes need a lot of sunshine. 19. Growing roses takes a lot of care. 20. Growing corn on his desert island Robinson Crusoe hoped to eat bread one day. 21. The building of this house will cost much money. 22. Having built the house they decided to buy new furniture. 23. Such doings can hardly be explained. 24. In doing so he would satisfy everybody. 25. Criticizing the work of our club he said it was not satisfactory. 26. I have no objection to your criticizing me. 27. The most important of F. Scaryna’s achievements was translating and publicating of the Bible into the Belarusian language. 28. It takes more than fine quality furnishings to make a good home.

Ex. 2. Open the brackets using the correct forms of the Infinitive or Gerund.

1. Then she taught herself (to play) bridge and started (to win) every tournament that she entered. 2. I really think the best way of (to learn) English is (to go) to the English speaking country. 3. The public considers that Lord of the Ring it’s a more challenging (to read) than Gone with the Wind, not to mention Harry the Potter. 4. (To advertise) is a part of the marketing strategy. 5. “The most important thing in the Olympic Games is not (to win) but (to take part), just as the most important thing in life is not the triumph but the struggle. The essential thing is (not to conquer) but (to fight) well”. 6. (To drink tea) developed into a fashionable social ritual in Britain. 7. (To travel) is a remarkable key (to understand) other cultures. 8. He was afraid (to make) the next step because he was afraid of (to fall) from the rock. 9. She apologized for (to borrow) my sewing-machine without (to ask) permission and promised never (to do) it again. 10. She claimed (to be able) (to tell) the future by (to gaze) into her crystal ball. 11. You don’t need (to ask) his permission every time you want (to leave) the room. 12. It’s no use (to wait). They are not likely (to come). 13. It doesn’t make much difference which route to take into the city center. But I’d advise you (not to use) the High Street during the rush hour.

Ex. 3. Open the brackets using the correct forms of the Verbals.

1. The snow kept (to fall) and the workmen grew tired of (to try) (to keep) the roads clear. 2. He offered (to lend) me some money. I didn’t like (to take) it but I had no alternative. 3. Try (to avoid) (to be) late. He hates (to be) kept (to wait). 4. I didn’t know how (to get) to your house so I stopped (to ask) the way. 5. He heard the clock (to strike) six and knew that it was time for him (to get) up. 6. I can hear the bell (to ring) but nobody seems (to be coming) (to open) the door. 7. I caught him (to climb) over my wall. I asked him (to explain) but he refused (to say) anything, so in the end I had (to let) him (to go). 8. It’s no good (to write) to him; he never answers letters. 9. The article (to type) now will be published soon. 10. The only thing (to do) is (to go) and (to see) him. 11. The people in the flat below seem (to be having) a party. You can hear the champagne corks (to thud) against their ceiling. 12. Ask him (to come) in. Don’t keep him (to stand) at the door. 13. I knew I wasn’t the first (to arrive), for I saw smoke (to rise) from the chimney. 14. I hate (to see) a child (to cry). 15. It is very unpleasant (to wake up) and (to hear) the rain (to beat) on the windows. 16. He saw the lorry (to begin) (to roll) forwards but he was too far away (to do) anything (to stop) it. 17. Where’s my umbrella? I thought I left it (to hang) with my coat. 18. King Charles had his head (to cut off). 19. You must make your news (to know). 20. My clumsy mistake made all the girls (to giggle). 21. Please, start the clock (to go). 22. I have recently had my appendix (to remove). 23. (To understand) another point of you doesn’t automatically mean (to except) it. 24. My sister had her coat (to alter). 25. I want to have my hair (to do). 26. I had the piano (to tune). 27. He was surprised to hear such words (to utter) by an officer. 28. He is said (to equip) a computer class in his native school after (to win) a lot of money. 29. The computer class (to be equipped), the pupils don’t miss a single lesson (to hold) there. 30. If you happen to see a bird (to hide) its head under its wing, it means that soon it will become colder.

Ex. 4. Join these pairs of sentences, deciding when to use a bare infinitive or -ing form.

Model: She crossed the road. I saw her. – I saw her cross the road.

She was crossing the road. I caught sight of her. I saw her crossing the road.

1. Something is burning. I can smell it. – I can smell …

2. They sang a song. I listened to them.

3. She was shouting at the children. I heard her.

4. The robbers were waiting near the bank. They were seen.

5. He opened the door, then closed it. I heard it.

6. The wind was blowing. I could feel it.

7. The children were playing in the street. The neighbours saw them.

8. Someone was watching him. He noticed it.

9. He touched her hand. She felt it.

10. She burst out crying. We saw it.

Ex. 5. Open the brackets using the correct forms of the Verbals.

Tom: Ann: Peter: Jack: Ann: Tom: Kate: Nick: Kate:

Let’s (to go) for a swim. I’m not particularly keen on (to swim). What about (to go) for a drive instead? Wouldn’t it be better (to ask) Tom (to leave) his camera at home? It would be no good (to ask) Tom (to do) that. It would be like (to ask) a woman (to travel) without a handbag. I don’t mind (to travel) by bus, but I hate (to stand) in queues. I don’t care for (queue) either; you waste so much time (to wait) for buses. I think it’s better (to go) by tube, or taxi. There is no point in (to arrive) half an hour early. We’d only have (to wait). I don’t mind (to wait). It’s better (to be) early than too late. I always try (to come) in quietly but they always hear me (to go) upstairs. It’s impossible (to climb) an old wooden staircase at night without (to make) noise.

TEST

a) Use Infinitive, Gerund or Participle in the following sentences.

1. … (To serve) the interests of people is the main purpose of any good journalist.

2. Have you seen the mountains ... (to cover) with snow?

3. Stephen turned his head and discovered a good-looking young man ... (to smile) down at him.

4. … (To get off) the bus he helped his grandmother.

5. … (To be exhausted) by his work, he threw himself on the bed.

6. There are different methods … (to use) in foreign language teaching. What do you think of the methods … (to use) at present.

7. Her aunt ... (to leave) the room, I asked Ann for some personal help.

8. That ... (to do), he put his woolen scarf and went out.

9. Ray, ... (to depress) after his road accident, decided to go on a holiday.

10. When questioned, he denied ... (to be) a member of the group.

11. If … (to build) of the local material, the road will be cheaper.

12. The ... (to injure) man was taken to hospital.

13. Jack was allowed ... (to renew) his student visa.

14. He tried ... (to explain) but she refused ... (to listen) and went on ... (grumble).

15. ... (To drive) at a high speed is dangerous.

16. The ... (to drive) wheel of the machine is broken.

17. ... (To find) the answer to his question he relaxed.

18. ... (To find) a new word in the dictionary I wrote it down.

19. On… (to see) this man I recollected perfectly ... (to meet) him many years before.

20. She denies … (to see) me in the shop yesterday.

21. She showed no sign of … (to impress).

22. He hates ... (to answer) the phone, and very often just lets it ... (to ring).

23. Don’t forget ... (to lock) the door before ... (to go) to bed.

24. I am beginning ... (understand) what you mean.

25. He surprised us all by ... (to go) away without ... (to say) “Goodbye”.

26. Please go on ... (to write); I don’t mind ... (to wait).

27. Do stop ... (to talk)! I am trying ... (finish) a letter.

28. His doctor advised him ... (give up) ... (jog).

29. I prefer ... (drive) to ... (be driven).

30. I suggest ... (telephone) the hospital before ... (ask) the police ... (look) for him.

31. It’s much better ... (go) to a hairdresser than ... (try) ... (save) time by ... (cut) your own hair.

32. It’s not much use ... (have) a bicycle if you don’t know how ... (ride) it.

33. Ask him ... (to come) in. Don’t keep him ... (to stand) at the door.

34. It is very unpleasant ... (to wake up) and ... (to hear) the rain ... (to beat) on the windows.

35. He accepted the cut in salary without complaint because he was afraid ... (to complain). He was afraid of ... (to lose) his job.

36. She remembers part of her childhood quite clearly. She remembers ... (to go) to school for the first time and ... (to be) frightened and ... (to put) her finger in her mouth. And she remembers her teacher ... (to tell) her ... (to take) it out.

37. Please, forgive me for ... (to interrupt) you but would you mind ... (to repeat) that last sentence.

38. I know my hair wants ... (to cut) but I never have time ... (to go) to the hairdresser’s.

39. It’s no use ... (to try) ... (to interrupt) him. You’ll have ... (to wait) till he stops ... (to talk).

40. She is looking forward to ... (return / returning) to her country.

41. He moved his lips as if ... (to try, to speak).

42. ... (To grow) tomatoes needs a lot of sunshine.

43. ... (To grow) corn on his desert island Robinson Crusoe hoped ... (to eat) bread one day.

44. ... (To criticize) the work of our club he said it was not satisfactory.

45. I have no objection to your ... (to criticize) me.

46. ... (To invite) to the party I decided to buy a new dress.

47. The snow kept ... (fall) and the workmen grew tired of ... (try) ... (keep) the roads clear.

48. He offered ... (lend) me the money. I didn’t like ... (take) it but I had no alternative.

49. Try ... (avoid) ... (be) late. He hates ... (be) kept ... (wait).

50. I didn’t know how ... (get) to your house so I stopped ... (ask) the way.

51. He heard the clock ... (strike) six and knew that it was time for him ... (get) up.

52. I can hear the bell ... (ring) but nobody seems ... (be coming) ... (open) the door.

53. I caught him ... (climb) over my wall. I asked him ... (explain) but he refused ... (say) anything, so in the end I had to let him ... (go).

54. It’s no good ... (write) to him; he never answers letters. The only thing ... (do) is ... (go) and ... (see) him.

55. He saw the lorry ... (begin) ... (roll) forwards but he was too far away ... (do) anything ... (stop) it.

56. – There is no point in ... (to arrive) half an hour early. We’d only have ... (to wait).

– I don’t mind ... (to wait). It’s better ... (to be) early than too late.

57. We watched the boats ... (to sail) by and listened to the birds ... (to sing).

58. Philip felt his heart ... (to overflow) with love for his family.

59. He turned and saw a pair of dark eyes ... (to look) at him through the window.

60. He could feel himself ... (to go) red.

61. I had to wait two hours in the hospital to have a tooth ... (to fill).

62. Can we have the programme ... (to change)?

63. You can get your clothes ... (to make) in Europe.

64. The door and the window of the vacant room ... (to be) open, we looked in.

65. His duty ... (to complete),he had three months leave.

66. We went for a walk with the rain ... (to stop).

67. She began to speak, with her voice ... (to tremble).

68. It … (to be) Sunday, the museums were closed.

69. They were heard ... (to whisper) about something.

70. Mr. Fox was found ... (to wait) for us on the terrace.

71. I regret … (to say) that you have failed your exam.

72. I like ... (to read). I don’t like ... (to read) this boring book.

73. Stop … (to talk)! He stopped ... (to have) a short rest.

74. As I was passing Sam’s house I heard him … (to practice) the piano.

75. He is a taxi-driver, so he’s accustomed to … ... (to drive) in the busy town centre.

76. I was standing at the bus stop when I saw the car … ... (to slam) into the lamp-post.

77. “I can’t stand this any longer”. – “Calm down. There is no point in… ... (to get) upset.

78. Would you mind … ... (to write) your name and address on the back of the check.

79. It is difficult to get used to ... (to eat) with chopsticks.

80. When in China, I used … (to eat) with chopsticks.

81. I was made … ... (to take part) in the conference though I didn’t want to.

82. I regret ... (to inform) that your contract will not be renewed.

83. The element 101 … (to discover),scientists called it “mendelevium” to honour Mendeleyev’s name.

84. He lit a cigar and tried to relax as he heard the front door ... (to be) opened. Later she heard the luggage ... (to carry up) the stairs.

85. I heard his name ... (to mention) in this connection.

86. The President … (to report) to arrive in two days.

87. They were heard … (to discuss) the agenda of the conference.

88. I’m absolutely sure I locked the door. I clearly remember … (to lock) it.

89. I remembered … (to lock) the door when I left but I forgot … (to shut) the windows.

90. … (To be) unemployed, he has never got much money, but it is always … (to embarrass) for him … (to ask) people for help.

91. The children prefer … (to watch TV) to reading. I prefer … (to drive) to being driven.

92. I can’t bear … (to tell) people bad news.

93. He offered … (to lend) me the money. I didn’t like … (to take) it but I had no alternative.

94. He heard the clock … (to strike) six and knew that it was time for him … (to get up).

95. Neal Armstrong was the first man … (to walk) on the Moon.

96. The dolphins were seen … (to play) in the distance.

97. … (To interrogate) in such a way was a real shock to him.

98. She arrived in the afternoon … (to hear) that Peter had already gone with his car at ten.

99. I regret … (not to work) harder at my English as a schoolboy.

100. … (To learn) the elements of English we started upon French.

b) Use the proper forms of the verbals.

A Flying Start

Gillian Forbes is only 17 and she has just got her pilot’s license. She is the country’s youngest girl pilot. “How do you feel? Gillian?” I asked her after her test. “Wonderful!” Gillian cried. “I enjoy … (to fly) more than anything in the world. I can’t imagine … (to let) a week pass without spending some of my time in the air.” “What started … (you/to fly)?” I asked. “I just love … (to travel) in planes. I started … (to learn) to fly when I was very young”. “Would you consider … (to fly) as a career?” “ I might, but I’ve got to pass my school exams now. There are some things you can’t avoid … (to do)!” “Excuse … (me/my/to ask),” she said, “ but does everyone in your family approve of … (you/your/to fly)?” “Of course not!” I said. “What’s your greatest ambition now?” “I want to learn to drive a car!” Gillian said with a big smile.

***

Joe’s and Diane’s personalities are different in other ways, too. Diane is a very quiet person, but Joe is very talkative. He likes … (to talk) all the time. He especially enjoys … (to discuss) politics. Diane … (to hate, to discuss) politics. Also, when she is tired, she doesn’t … (to want, to talk) about anything; she … (to need, to have) peace and quiet. Joe doesn’t understand. When Diane is quiet, he thinks she’s unhappy. Sometimes when Joe talks a lot, it drives Diane crazy. Then she jokes and says, “Joe, you never … (to stop, to talk)”.

However, Joe and Diane are not completely different. They share some interests, and they … (to enjoy/do) many things together. For example, both Joe and Diane … (to be interested in, to cook). On Saturdays they … (to like, to spend) all day … (to cook), but they both … (to hate, to wash) dishes. They also … (to like, to go) to old movies from the 1930s and 40s together and they … (to like, to go) to the theatre. They have some problems in their relationship, but in general they … (to enjoy, to be together).

Don't Forget to Take Your Dictionary with You!

When you go on a foreign holiday, the first thing you must remember is … (to pack) your dictionary.

You could of course stop … (to buy) one at the airport before you get on the plane. But what happens? The assistant says, "Sorry, we've stopped … (to sell) those now". No, buy one before you go. It may mean … (to run) round town to find just what you want, but it'll be worth it.

From the moment you book your holiday, you spend days trying … (to learn) al those little phrases that will make life easy while you're abroad.

And you have such good intentions! You mean … (to learn) at least five new phrases every day. And that means … (to set aside) time. So you take the book to work to study in your lunch hour and then forget … (to bring) it home!

I've just come back from a holiday in Malawi. One day I went to a mar­ket and, without a dictionary, I started … (to talk) to a young man selling fish. Unfortunately, although I didn't mean … (to be offensive), I must have said something that annoyed him. I remember … (to wake) up lying on the ground with a bleeding nose.

If only I had remembered … (to take) my dictionary with me!