APPENDIX ONE Bovine

Adult Cow Reference Ranges

N = number, HR = heart rate, kg = kilogram, ml = milliliter, mm = millimeter, d = diastole, s = systole, cm = centimeter, RV = right ventricle, LV = left ventricle, FS = fractional shortening, Vcf = velocity of circumferential fiber shortening, circ = circumference, VS = ventricular septum, LVW = left ventricular wall, AO = aorta, LA = left atrium, EF = ejection fraction, EPSS = E point to septal separation, PA = pulmonary artery diameter, AO S = aortic sinus diameter, AO cs = aortic cross-sectional diameter, LAD = left atrial diameter, VTI = velocity time integral, CO = cardiac output, CI = cardiac index.

Friesian and Belgian White and Blue Calves3

Reference Ranges (Two-Dimensional Guided)

SE = standard error, d = diastole, s = systole, mm = millimeter, = change, LV = left ventricle, FS = fractional shortening, VS = ventricular septum, LVW = left ventricular wall, AO = aorta, LA = left atrium.

Friesian and Belgian White and Blue Calves4

Parameters of Function From Long-Axis M-Mode Images

	Friesian	Belgian White and Blue
Parameter		Mean ± SE
% FS	43.2 ± .7	40.0 ± 1.0
VS %	63.6 ± 2.2	44.7 ± 3.1
LVW %	71.3 ± 2.6	44.8 ± 3.7
VS/LVW	1.01 ± .02	0.94 ± .03
LA/AO	0.82 ± .01	0.92 ± .01
N	17	8

SE = standard error, FS = fractional shortening, VS = ventricular septum, LVW = left ventricular wall, LA = left atrium, AO = aorta, N = number, = change.

Growing Friesian Calves5

M-Mode Reference Ranges (Two-Dimensional Guided)

SE = standard error, d = diastole, s = systole, RV = right ventricle, LV = left ventricle, FS = fractional shortening, VS = ventricular septum, LVW = left ventricle wall, AO = aorta, LA = left atrium, Kg = kilogram, N = number, = change.

Friesian and Belgian Blue and White Calves Regression Equations Correlating Cardiac Dimensions With Body Weight4

Parameter	Friesian Calves		Belgian White and Blue
LVd (mm)
M-mode from long axis	Y = −2.5 + 30.8 log BW		Y = 7.9 + 22.1 log BW
M-mode from short axis	Y = 1.4 + 26.3 log BW		Y = 11.3 + 20.0 log BW
Measurements from two-dimensional short axis	Y = 6.3 + 23.0 log BW		Y = 3.8 + 22.9 log BW
LVs (mm)
M-mode from long axis	Y = 29.2	+ 6.1 log BW	Y = 16.0 + 7.9 log BW
M-mode from short axis	Y = 14.8	+ 7.4 log BW	Y = 18.0 + 6.6 log BW
Measurements from two-dimensional short axis	Y = 20.5	+ 4.7 log BW	Y = 27.2 + 1.9 log BW
VSd (mm)
M-mode from long axis	Y = 0.01	+ 6.9 log BW	Y = −5.3 + 9.3 log BW
M-mode from short axis	Y = −0.3	+ 6.4 log BW	Y = −6.3 + 9.5 log BW
Measurements from two-dimensional short axis	Y = −0.9 + 6.5 log BW		Y = −6.2 + 9.4 log BW
VSs (mm)
M-mode from long axis	Y = −13.3 + 18.0 log BW		Y = −17.2 + 18.8 log BW
M-mode from short axis	Y = −8.7 + 14.9 log BW		Y = −16.3 + 18.0 log BW
Measurements from two-dimensional short axis	Y = −7.3 + 13.5 log BW		Y = −21.9 + 21.0 log BW
LVWd (mm)
M-mode from long axis	Y = 1.3 + 5.4 log BW		Y = −8.9 + 10.5 log BW
M-mode from short axis	Y = 1.1 + 4.8 log BW		Y = −12.3 + 11.8 log BW
Measurements from two-dimensional short axis	Y = −1.9 + 7.2 log BW		Y = −8.3 + 9.8 log BW
LVWs (mm)
M-mode from long axis	Y = −9.9 +16.3 log BW		Y = −22.4 + 21.7 log BW
M-mode from short axis	Y = −8.4 + 15.2 log BW		Y = −26.9 + 23.5 log BW
Measurements from two-dimensional short axis	Y = −9.3 + 14.2 log BW		Y = −30.7 + 25.3 log BW
AO (mm)
M-mode from long axis	Y = −1.0 + 18.0 log BW		Y = 1.6 + 14.3 log BW
LA (mm)
M-mode from long axis	Y = 1.4 + 13.9 log BW		Y = −8.2 + 17.8 log BW
N		17	8

BW = body weight, d = diastole, s = systole, LV = left ventricle, FS = fractional shortening, VS = ventricular septum, LVW = left ventricular wall, AO = aorta, LA = left atrium, N = number, mm = millimeter.

References

1.Pipers F, Reef V, Hamlin R, et al. Echocardiography in the bovine animal. Bov Prac 1978;13:114–

2.Hallowell GD, Potter TJ, Bowen IM. Methods and normal values for echocardiography in adult dairy cattle. Journal of Veterinary Cardiology 2007;9:91–98.

3.Amory H, Jakovljevic S, Lekeux P. Quantitative M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography in calves. Vet Rec 1991;128:25–31.

4.Amory H, Kafidi N, Lekeux P. Echocardiographic evaluation of cardiac morphologic and functional variables in double-muscled calves. Am J Vet Res 1992;53: 1540–1547.

5.Amory H, Lekeux P. Effects of growth on functional and morphological echocardiographic variables in Friesian calves. Vet Rec 1991;128:349–354.

APPENDIX TWO Canine

Greyhounds

M-Mode Reference Ranges

X = mean, SD = standard deviation, d = diastole, s = systole, AO = aorta, LA = left atrium, LV = left ventricle, LVV = left ventricular volume, ESVi = end systolic volume index, FS = fractional shortening, EF = ejection fraction, LVET = left ventricular ejection time, LVETI = indexed left ventricular ejection time, Vcf = velocity of circumferential fiber shortening, PEP = pre ejection period, VS = ventricular septum, LVW = left ventricular wall, RVW = right ventricular wall, RV = right ventricle, BSA = body surface area, BW = body weight, mm = millimeter, circ = circumference, m = meter, cm = centimeter, sec = second, msec = millisecond, kg = kilogram, N = number, X = mean, SEM = standard error about the mean, = change.

Greyhounds

M-Mode Reference Ranges

X = mean, SD = standard deviation, d = diastole, s = systole, AO = aorta, LA = left atrium, LV = left ventricle, FS = fractional shortening, VS = ventricular septum, LVW = left ventricular wall, EPSS = E point to septal separation, BSA = body surface area, BW = body weight, mm = millimeter, m = meter, kg = kilogram, N = number.

Breed-Specific

M-Mode Reference Ranges

AO = aorta, LA = left atrium, d = diastole, s = systole, LV = left ventricle, LVV = left ventricular volume, ESVi = end systolic volume index, Vcf = velocity of circumferential fiber shortening, circ = circumference, PEP = pre ejection period, LVET = left ventricular ejection time, FS = fractional shortening, EF = ejection fraction, EPSS = E point to septal separation, VS = ventricular septum, LVW = left ventricular wall, RVW = right ventricular wall, RV = right ventricle, Kg = kilogram, N = number, HR = heart rate, X = mean, SEM = standard error about the mean, min − miniature, = change.

Breed-Specific

M-Mode Reference Ranges

AO = aorta, LA = left atrium, d = diastole, s = systole, LV = left ventricle, FS = fractional shortening, EF = ejection fraction, LVET = left ventricular ejection time, EDV = end diastolic volume, EDVi = end diastolic volume index, ESV = left ventricular volume, ESVi = end systolic volume index, Vcf = velocity of circumferential shortening, circ = circumference, EPSS = E point to septal separation, VS = ventricular septum, LVW = left ventricular wall, exc = excursion, Kg = kilogram, N = number, HR = heart rate, X = mean, = change, SEM = standard error about the mean, mtn = mountain.

Irish Wolfhound

M-Mode Reference Ranges

CI = confidence interval, X = mean, SD = standard deviation, cm = centimeter, ml = milliliter, m2 = meter squared, AO = aorta, exc = excursion, LA = left atrium, d = diastole, s = systole, LV = left ventricle, FS = fractional shortening, LVET = left ventricular ejection time, Vcf = velocity of circumferential fiber shortening, circ = circumferential, = change, EPSS = E point to septal separation, VS = ventricular septum, LVW = left ventricular wall, RA = right atrium, RV = right ventricle, HR = heart rate, Kg = kilogram, N = number.

German Sherpherd15

M-Mode Reference Ranges

d = diastole, s = systole, r2 = coefficient of determination, VS = ventricular septum, LV = left ventricular chamber, LVW = left ventricular wall, FS = fractional shortening, LA = left atrium, AO = aorta, RV = right ventricle, MV = mitral valve, mm = millimeter, cm = centimeter, sec = second, Y = measurement for parameter, x = body weight, X = mean, SD = standard deviation, Amp = amplitude of motion.

Whippets M-Mode, Two-Dimensional and Spectral Doppler Reference Ranges16

kg = kilogram, BSA = body surface area, HR = heart rate, bpm = beats per minute, d = diastole, s = systole, mm = millimeter, ml = milliliter, m2 = meter squared, ms = milliseconds, m = meter, s = second, circ = circumference, VS = ventricular septum, LV = left ventricle, LVW = left ventricular wall, EPSS = E point to septal separation, FS = fractional shortening, EF = ejection fraction, ESVI = end systolic volume index, PEP = pre-ejection period, LVET = left ventricular ejection time, Vcf = velocity of circumferential fiber shortening, AO = aorta, LA = left atrium, sa = short axis, la = long axis, Vmax = maximum velocity, PA = pulmonary artery, MV E = mitral valve E peak, MV A = mitral valve A peak, TV E = tricuspid valve E peak, TV A = tricuspid valve A peak, CO = cardiac output, SV = stroke volume.

Growing Spanish Mastiff10

M-Mode Reference Ranges

kg = kilogram, HR = heart rate, X = mean, SD = standard deviation, N = number, d = diastole, s = systole, LV = left ventricle, LVW = left ventricular wall, VS = ventricular septum, LA = left atrium, AO = aorta, FS = fractional shortening.

Growing English Pointers7

M-Mode Reference Ranges

X = mean, SD = standard deviation, kg = kilogram, HR = heart rate, d = diastole, s = systole, LVW = left ventricular wall, VS = ventricular septum, LA = left atrium, AO = aorta, FS = fractional shortening, N = number, mm = millimeter.

Growing Portuguese Water Dogs17

M-Mode Reference Ranges

kg = kilogram, d = diastole, s = systole, LV = left ventricle, FS = fractional shortening, EPSS = E point to septal separation, cm = centimeter, N = number.

Canine M-Mode Reference Ranges18

Canine

M-Mode Parameters of Systolic Function and Ratios

X = mean, SD = standard deviation, msec =millisecond, sec = second, s = systole, d = diastole, = change, LVET = left ventricular ejection time, LVETI = left ventricular ejection time index, PEP = pre-ejection period, Vcf = velocity of circumferential fiber shortening, circ = circumference, QAVC = Q wave of the ECG to aortic valve closure, LA = left atrium, AO = aorta, EPSS = E point to septal separation, VS = ventricular septum, LVW = left ventricular wall, Y = calculated parameter value, HR = heart rate.

Breed-Specific Weight-Based M-Mode Echocardiographic Ratio Indices23

N = number, kg = kilogram, VS = ventricular septum, LV = left ventricle, LVW = left ventirular wall, AO = aorta, LA = left atrium, FS = fractional shortening, s = systole, d = diastole.

Indexed M-Mode Variables

Using BW Exponents Based Upon Logarithmic Equations25

d = diastole, s = systole, LV = left ventricle, LVW = left ventricular wall, VS = ventricular septum, AO = aorta, LA = left atrium.

To determine the 95% prediction interval for LVd in a 20-kg dog: 1.27 × 200.294 − 1.85 × 200.294 = 3.1 cm − 4.5 cm.

To detemine whether a 4.0-cm LVd is normal for a 20-kg dog: 4.0 / 200.294 = 4.0 / 2.413 = 1.66, if result is between 1.85 and 1.27 then the dimension is normal.

95% M-Mode Prediction Intervals

Using BW Exponents Based Upon Logarithmic Analysis25

d = diastole, s = systole, kg = kilogram, cm = centimeter, VS = ventricular septum, LV = left ventricle, LVW = left ventricular wall, AO = aorta, LA = left atrium.

Canine Two-Dimensional Echocardiographic Reference Ranges35

Y = measurement for the parameter, xi = body weight, , standard deviation about the regression line,

CI = confidence interval, mm = millimeter, cm = centimeter, d = diastole, s = systole, MV = mitral valve, AO = aorta, LV = left ventricle, LVW = left ventricular wall, CT = chordae tendinae, PM = papillary muscles.

Canine Two-Dimensional Echocardiographic Reference Ranges35

Function and Ratios

Imaging Plane Parameter	95% CI
Long-axis inflow outflow (Figure 4.17)
FS %	0.20–0.36
VS %	1–99
LVW %	9–73
VS : LVW	.55–1.26

Transverse CT (Figure 4.18)	0.14–0.36
FS %
VS %	3–49
LVW %	6–56
VS : LVW	.65–1.49
Long-axis outflow (Figure 4.17)
LA : AO	1.80–2.94
Transverse—MV
MV area : LV area	0.38–0.54
N	12–17

CI = confidence interval, FS = fractional shortening, VS = ventricular septum, LVW = left ventricular wall. LA = left atrium, AO = aorta, MV = mitral valve, LV = left ventricle, N = number.

Canine Spectral Doppler Parameters

Aorta and Pulmonary Artery

X = mean, SD = standard deviation, Vmax = peak velocity, TTP= time to peak velocity, LVET = left ventricular ejection time, FT = flow time, PEP = pre-ejection period, LV = left ventricle, VTI = velocity time integral, RVET = right ventricular ejection time, N = number.

Boxers, Estrella Mountain Dogs

Two-Dimensional and Doppler Reference Ranges

Parameter	Boxers11	Estrella Mountain Dogs12
	Range	Range
Two-Dimensional
LA 2D	2.32–4.20
Long-axis
Transverse
LA : AO Long-axis
Doppler
AO Vmax (m/sec)	1.14–2.37	0.83–1.95
AO Vmax (m/sec)		Y = 1.785–0.008 × BW
AO Accel Time (msec)
PA Vmax (m/sec)	0.69–1.63	0.60–1.40
PA Vmax (male) (m/sec)		Y = 1.149–0.002 × BW
PA Vmax (female) (m/sec)		Y = 1.406–0.010 × BW
PA Accel Time (msec)
AV FVI (cm)		10.95–25.07
AV FVI (cm)		Y = 10.565–0.030 × age
PV FVI (cm)		8.22–19.90
PV FVI (cm)		Y = 15.855–0.034 × age
MV E (m/s)		0.41–0.97
MV E (m/sec)		Y = 0.758–0.001 × age
MV A (m/sec)		0.38–0.94
MV E/A		0.58–1.58
MV DecT (msec)		64.10–163.50

MV DecT (msec)		Y = 80.574 + 0.704 × BW
SV Index (ml/m2)
CO Index (ml/min/m2)
Age (yr)	2.1–11.0	1.5–10
Weight (kg)	18.9–40.5	30–75
HR		Male 57.31–143.75
		Female 68.02–159.54
N	81	74

X = mean, SD = standard deviation, LA = left atrium, 2D = two-dimensional imaging, AO = aorta, Vmax = maximum velocity, m= meters, sec = seconds, accel = acceleration, PA = pulmonary artery, FVI = flow velocity integral, MV = mitral valve, E = early diastolic flow, A = late diastolic flow, dec T = deceleration time, SV = stroke volume, CO = cardiac output, yr = year, kg = kilogram, HR = heart rate, N = number.

English Bull Terriers44

Two-Dimensional, M-Mode, and Doppler Reference Ranges

	Mean ± SD		95% Prediction Interval
M-Mode
LVs (cm)	Kg x (1.46 + 0.05) ± .26		Kg (0.93 + 0.05) to kg (1.99 + 0.05)
LVd (cm)	3.8	± .3	3.2–4.4
VSs (cm)	1.3	± .2	0.9–1.7
VSd (cm)	1 ± .2		0.6–1.4
LVWs (cm)	1.2	± .1	1.0–1.4
LVWd (cm)	1 ± .1		0.8–1.2
VSd/LVWd	1.1	± .2	0.7–1.5
VSd/LVd	0.3 ± .04		0.2–0.4
FS %	32.5	± 4.5	24–41
SV (ml)	38.2	± 7.3	24–53
Two-Dimensional
Long axis AO(cm)	1.9	± .3	1.3–2.5
Transverse AO (cm)	2 ± .2		1.6–2.4
LA : AO Long axis	1.7	± .2	1.3–2.1
Long axis LA (cm)	kg × (1.75 + 0.0606) ± .22		kg (1.31 + 0.0606) to kg (2.19 + 0.0606)
Transverse LA (cm)	kg × (1.64 + 0.0605) ± .32		kg (0.99 + 0.0605) to kg (2.29 + 0.0605)
Doppler
AO Vmax (m/sec)	1.9 ± 0.2		1.51–2.3
N			14
Weight			22.9 ± 3.7
HR			86–176

SD = standard deviation, s = systole, d = diastole, LV = left ventricle, VS = ventricular septum, LVW = left ventricular wall, FS = fractional shortening, SV = stroke volume, AO = aorta, LA = left atrium, Vmax = peak flow velocity, kg = kilogram,

Doberman Pinscher

M-Mode and Diastolic Doppler Reference Ranges27,45

X = mean, SD = standard deviation, d = diastole, s = systole, VS = ventricular septum, LV = left ventricle, LVW = left ventricular wall, EPSS = E point to septal separation, FS = fractional shortening, PEP = pre-ejection period, LVET = left ventricular ejection time, Vcf = velocity of circumferential shortening, LA = left atrium, AO = aorta, kg = kilogram, yr = year, dec = deceleration, HR = heart rate, dur = duration, MV = mitral valve, PV = pulmonary vein, S = pulmonary vein systolic flow, D = pulmonary vein diastolic flow, A = pulmonary vein atrial reverse flow, IVRT = isovolumic relaxation time, PW = pulsed-wave Doppler, TDI = tissue Doppler imaging, Em = myocardial early diastolic velocity, Am = myocardial late diastolic velocity, Sm = myocardial systolic velocity.

Canine

Myocardial Performance Index (TEI)

X = mean, SD = standard deviation, MCO = mitral closure to opening, LVET = left ventricular ejection time, IVCT = isovolumic contraction time, IVRT = isovolumic relaxation time, LV = left ventricle, MPI = myocardial performance index, TCO = tricuspid closure to opening, RVET = right ventricular ejection time, N = number.

Canine Spectral Doppler Parameters

Mitral Valve, Tricuspid Valve, Pulmonary Veins, IVRT

E = early diastolic flow, A = late diastolic flow, m/sec = meters/second, msec = millisecond, Dec = deceleration, Acc = acceleration, MV = mitral valve, TV = tricuspid valve, PV = pulmonary vein, S = systolic flow, D = diastolic flow, Ar = atrial reverse flow, IVRT = isovolumic relaxation time, N = number, kg = kilogram.

Left Ventricular Longitudinal Color Tissue Doppler and Strain

Canine Reference Ranges

Correct for HR by dividing the measurement by the square root of the R-to-R interval.

X = mean, SD = standard deviation, HR = heart rate, LVW = left ventricular wall, cm = centimeter, sec = second, Sm = systolic myocardial velocity, Em = early diastolic myocardial velocity, Am = late diastolic myocardial velocity, Q-Sm = time from onset Q to onset Sm, Q-peak Sm = time from onset Q to peak Sm, Q-end Sm = time from onset Q to en Sm, VS = ventricular septum, N = number, kg = kilogram, Ret = retriever, G Shep = German shepherd, Malin = Malinois Shepherd, Ter = Tervueren Shepherd.

Left Ventricular Radial Color-Tissue Doppler and Strain

Canine Reference Ranges

Left Ventricle	Chetboul52	Chetboul51
	X ± SD	X ± SD
Radial Velocity (SA LVW)
Systole
Endocardial (Sm) cm/sec	7.58 ± 1.16	6.4 ± 1.4
Epicardial (Sm) cm/sec	4.96 ± .76	3.9 ± 1.1
Gradient	2.63 ± .69
Early Diastole
Endocardial (Em) cm/sec	9.00 ± 2.30	7.8 ± 2.2
Epicardial (Em) cm/sec	5.08 ± 1.81	4.0 ± 1.6
Late Diastole
Endocardial (Am) cm/sec		4.1 ± 1.4
Epicardial (Am) cm/sec		1.9 ± 1.2
Em/Am endocardium	2.12 ± 1.02	2.1 ± 0.9
Em/Am epicardium	2.83 ± 1.93	3.2 ± 3.9
Peak Systolic Strain %	66.0 ± 9.9
HR	100 ± 13
N	12	100

Weight (kg)	32.9 ± 4.1	6–49
Breed	G Shep, Malin, Ter	various

LVW = left ventricular wall, SA = short axis, cm = centimeter, sec = second, HR = heart rate, N =number, kg = kilogram, Sm = systolic myocardial velocity, Em = early diastolic myocardial velocity, Am = late diastolic myocardial velocity, G Shep = German shepherd, Malin = Malinois Shepherd, Ter = Tervueren Shepherd.

Left Ventricular Longitudinal Color Tissue Doppler

Breed-Specific Reference Ranges

Correct for HR by dividing the measurement by the square root of the R-to-R interval.

X = mean, SD = standard deviation, HR = heart rate, LVW = left ventricular wall, cm = centimeter, sec = second, Sm = systolic myocardial velocity, Em = early diastolic myocardial velocity, Am = late diastolic myocardial velocity, Q-Sm = time from onset Q to onset Sm, Q-peak Sm = time from onset Q to peak Sm, Q-end Sm = time from onset Q to end Sm, VS = ventricular septum, N = number, kg = kilogram, Ret = retriever, G Shep = German shepherd, Malin = Malinois Shepherd, Ter = Tervueren Shepherd.

Left Ventricular Radial Color Tissue Doppler

Canine Reference Ranges

LV = left ventricle, SA = short axis, cm = centimeter, sec = second, HR = heart rate, N =number, kg = kilogram, Sm = systolic myocardial velocity, Em = early diastolic myocardial velocity, Am = late diastolic myocardial velocity.

Right Ventricular Color Tissue Doppler

Canine Reference Ranges

Right Ventricle	Chetboul53
	Range
Longitudinal Velocity (LVW)
Systole
Apex (Sm) cm/sec	.7–10.4
Base (Sm) cm/sec	7.7–18.5
Early Diastole
Apex (Em) cm/sec	.4–7.9
Base (Em) cm/sec	5.8–17.1
Em/Am Base	1.0–3.4
Late Diastole
Apex (Am) cm/sec	.2–3.9
Base (Am) cm/sec	3.0–11.3
	48–141
N	64
Weight (kg)	7.0–39.4

LVW = left ventricular wall, Sm = systolic myocardial velocity, Em = early diastolic myocardial velocity, Am = late diastolic myocardial velocity, cm = centimeter, sec = second, N = number, kg = kilogram.

Left Ventricular Longitudinal PW Tissue Doppler

Canine Reference Ranges

Sm = systolic myocardial velocity, Em = early diastolic myocardial velocity, Am = late diastolic myocardial velocity, cm = centimeter, sec = second, N = number, kg = kilogram.

Pounds to Kilograms to Body Surface Area

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