Index
Aberrant left coronary artery Abscesses
endocarditis Acceleration time (AT)
Acceleration time to ejection time (AT/RVET), regression equation Acoustic impedance
of tissues
Acquired mitral valvular insufficiency degenerative lesions
M-mode evaluation, valvular appearance and motion Two-dimensional evaluation, valvular appearance and motion
Acquired valvular disease Acute mitral regurgitation
Acute severe mitral insufficiency
AFMA. See Color-flow area representing aortic forward flow Afterload
STI
Afterload wall stress
AI. See Aortic insufficiency
Aliased color-flow pattern, subvalvular dynamic obstruction Aliased flow
ASD
HCM
VSD
Aliased signal, mitral insufficiency jet Aliasing
CF Doppler high velocities
Ambiguous sheeting effect
American Society of Echocardiology (ASE), M-mode images Anatomic M-mode
Aneurysmal dilation of ductus arteriosus Aneurysmal dilation of membranous septum Angle correction
Angle of incidence Angle of interrogation
Animals. See also specific type animal large
heart location, transducing positioning imaging technique
left parasternal long axis five-chamber view four-chamber view
left parasternal short axis heart base
left ventricle
patient positioning
tipped four chamber views medium-sized, transducer selection for small
apical imaging views four-chamber view
left cranial transverse view, left auricle
left parasternal apical views, imaging technique left parasternal cranial long axis
right ventricular outflow view
left parasternal short axis, heart base LV outflow view, scanning technique mitral valve view
patient positioning recording plane
right atrium and auricle
right parasternal oblique axis, LV with PA right parasternal short axis views scanning technique
right parasternal short axis views short-axis images
subcostal view, apical five-chamber view tipped four chamber views
transmitral flow
Anterior mitral valve leaflet, normal Aorta (AO)
diameter dog
of horse, long-axis image size, measurement of
Aorta/left atrium view, heart base, image Aorta root M-mode
assessment
Aortic body tumors Aortic coarctation
Aortic ejection time (AVET) Aortic flow
Color-flow images imaging plane use negative
profiles velocity PDA
subcostal imaging plane Aortic insufficiency (AI)
Color-flow Doppler flow profile
horse mild
supracristal VSDs and volume overload VSD
Aortic measurement volumetric flow
Aorticopulmonary window Aortic pressure gradient Aortic regurgitant fraction Aortic regurgitant orifice Aortic regurgitant velocity Aortic regurgitant volume Aortic regurgitation (AR)
assessment man
parameters for Color-flow Doppler diastolic flutter
M-mode and Two-dimensional evaluation overall assessment
PISA
Spectral Doppler
transesophageal echocardiography Two-dimensional evaluation
M-mode and M-mode features
valve appearance and motion VSD
Aortic regurgitation index
Aortic regurgitation jet area, LV outflow tract v. Aortic regurgitation slope
Aortic root
area calculation of measurements M-mode images
imaging planes size
Aortic stenosis echocardiographic evaluation hypertrophic response
LA
test exercises
Aortic stroke volume, test exercise Aortic valves
degenerative lesions of endocarditis mid-systolic closure prolapse of
stenotic systolic closure
Aortic valve cusps fusion
size and ratio, VSD Aortic valve growth, dog Aortic valve lesions
M-mode images Aortic valve motion
hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy VSD
Aortic valve nodules
Apeak
Apeak velocity Apical imaging views
four chamber HCM v. normal
heart, sound plane within image
scanning technique (small animal) five-chamber
horse image
reference marks
scanning technique (equine) scanning technique (small animal)
Appendix one, bovine reference ranges Appendix two, canine
Appendix three, equine reference ranges Appendix four, feline
Appendix five, miscellaneous species reference pages AR. See Aortic regurgitation
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC)
Artifacts. See also Breathing artifacts; Mirror image artifact; Respiratory artifacts; Reverberation artifact; Side lobe artifact; Temporal artifact
respiratory motion
ARVC. See Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy Ascending aorta
ASD. See Atrial septal defects
ASE. See American Society of Echocardiology Asymmetric hypertrophy
AT. See Acceleration time Atrial dilation
restrictive cardiomyopathy Atrial pressure
Atrial septal defects (ASD) Color-flow Doppler introduction
Spectral Doppler
two-dimensional and M-mode evaluation Atrial septum, echogenicity of
Atrial size four-chamber views
New York Heart Association criteria Atrial systole
Atrioventricular valve dysplasia congenital shunts
Atrioventricular valves, right parasternal long-axis four chamber view AT/RVET. See Acceleration time to ejection time
AT : RVET
Attenuation
Auricular mass Axial resolution Bacterial endocarditis
BART map (blue away and red toward format) CF Doppler
Baseline M-mode images Spectral Doppler
B bump Beam width
Bernoulli equation. See also Modified Bernoulli equation Beta-blocker treatment, SAM
Biplane volume calculations Biventricular dilation Biventricular hypertrophy Bleeding
Blood cells, sound reflected from Blood cell velocity (V), formula Blood flow
in color mapping Blood flow velocities
VSD
Body mass, peak pulmonary velocity flow Body surface area (BSA)
ventricular size
Body weight, left ventricular mass Bovine
appendix one, reference ranges endocarditis
patient positioning reference ranges, adult cow
generic Holstein-Friesian Jersey
reference ranges (long-axis M-mode image) calves
Friesian/Belgian White/Blue
reference ranges (two-dimensional guided) calves
Friesian/Belgian White/Blue growing Friesian calves
regression equations, cardiac dimensions/body weight Boxers
pulmonary stenosis Two-dimensional/Doppler reference ranges
Breathing artifacts
BSA. See Body surface area Bubble study
right to left shunting PDA Tetralogy of Fallot
Bulldogs, pulmonary stenosis Bullet formula, volume calculations Calculated frequency shift
Calculated systolic right ventricular pressure Cancer treatment, DCM and
Canines. See also Appendix two; Canine reference ranges appendix two
cor triatriatum dexter endocarditis
indexed M-mode variables M-mode prediction intervals M-mode reference ranges MPI
myocardial performance index Spectral Doppler parameters
aorta and pulmonary artery systolic function and ratios Tetralogy of Fallot
Two-dimensional echocardiographic reference ranges
weight-based M-mode echocardiographic ratio indices, breed-specific Canine reference ranges
left ventricular longitudinal Color Tissue Doppler left ventricular longitudinal PW Tissue Doppler left ventricular radial Color Tissue Doppler pounds to kilograms, to body surface area
right ventricular Color Tissue Doppler Cardiac chambers
dilation
pulmonary stenosis VSD
size endocarditis
HCM
size, function, hemodynamics evaluation of
test answers test exercises
Cardiac cycles, left ventricular mass Cardiac diseases, STI in
Cardiac function, with pericardial effusion Cardiac hypertrophy
Cardiac output calculation EPSS
left ventricle Cardiac shunt
Cardiac size, two-dimensional echocardiographic exam Cardiac tamponade
diastolic collapse Cardiac tumors
Cardiac ultrasound. See also specific ultrasound modality
Cardiomyopathies
Cat. See also Appendix four; Feline; Maine Coon Cats artery stenosis in
heart, pleural effusion infundibular hypertrophy interventricular septum
normal
left ventricular outflow view long-axis LV outflow view LV dimensions
LV M-modes and mitral dysplasia
nonanesthetized, M-mode reference ranges sedated or anesthetized, M-mode reference ranges septal hypertrophy
systemic hypertension systolic failure
TDI, restrictive cardiomyopathy Tissue Doppler parameters, HCM transverse heart base assessment transverse left ventricle view
ventricular size, quantitative measurements
CF Doppler. See Color-flow Doppler Chamber. See Cardiac chamber Chemoreceptors
Chiari network
Chinchillas, M-mode and Doppler reference ranges Chordae tendinae
Chordae tendinae view, left ventricle image
Chordal attachments
Chronic degenerative mitral valve insufficiency Chronic mitral valve disease
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Chronic pulmonary hypertension, acute pulmonary hypertension v. Chronic right ventricular systolic pressure overload
Chronic systemic hypertension Circling
Circumferential shortening (VCF) Coanda effect
Cocker Spaniel, plasma taurine levels Collapsed lung, mass v.
Color aliasing
Color-flow area representing aortic forward flow (AFMA) Color-flow Doppler (CF Doppler). See also Canine reference ranges
aliasing
aortic insufficiency and aortic regurgitation ASD
color map
color sector, width and height controls
evaluation of, regurgitant flows gain
images aortic flow
mitral valve flow normal
pulmonary artery flow tricuspid valve flow
imaging, optimizing inflow obstruction infundibular stenosis
introduction mitral stenosis patent ductus and
pulmonary regurgitation pulmonary stenosis regurgitant flows and regurgitant jet areas settings, regurgitation supracristal VSD tricuspid regurgitation
tricuspid regurgitation jet area and tricuspid stenosis
ventricular septal defect Color-flow jet
of mitral insufficiency mitral regurgitation size
heart rate and underestimation of
Color flow map blood flow in conventional
mitral regurgitant jet Color-flow M-mode images Color gain
Color sector, decreasing size Color TDI RV Tei index Color Tissue Doppler
canine reference ranges feline
longitudinal left ventricular reference ranges radial left ventricular reference ranges
right ventricular reference ranges Commissural fusion
Compensatory hypertrophy Compress/Dynamic range Concentric hypertrophy
dynamic subvalvular obstruction Concordant motion
Congenital shunts, AV valve dysplasia and Congestive heart failure
Conservation of mass principle Constrictive pericarditis
Spectral Doppler findings Two-Dimensional findings
Continuity principle
Continuous-wave Doppler (CW Doppler) frequency shift
spectral broadening Controls
CF Doppler depth
gain
Spectral Doppler Two-dimensional imaging
Cordal rupture Coronary artery anatomy Cor triatriatum
Cor triatriatum dexter
Cor triatriatum sinister, membrane Cor triatriatum type A
Cor triatriatum type B Cor triatriatum type C Cows. See Bovine Crista supraventricularis
Cross sectional area (CSA) calculation
Crystals
CSA. See Cross sectional area Cursor
Spectral Doppler
CW Doppler. See Continuous-wave Doppler Cycles
DCM. See Dilated cardiomyopathy Deceleration time
Degenerative lesions
acquired mitral valvular insufficiency aortic valves
Degenerative valve disease color flow jet
MAM and Depth controls
Diastole
Diastolic antegrade flow, measurement Diastolic collapse, cardiac tamponade Diastolic color flow Doppler, timing of Diastolic dip
Diastolic dysfunction DCM
HCM
HCM secondary to restrictive cardiomyopathy stages
systemic hypertension Diastolic filling abnormalities Diastolic flow reversal Diastolic flutter
aortic regurgitation and Diastolic function
DCM, dogs with evaluation of
examination, pulsed-wave Doppler grading
PDA
Tissue Doppler evaluation, HCM Diastolic half-times
Diastolic mitral insufficiency Diastolic mitral valve flutter
mild AR and VSD
Diastolic pulmonary pressure
Diastolic pulmonary venous flow velocity Diastolic regurgitant flow, pressure half-time Diastolic systemic pressure
Diastolic time intervals Diastolic vibration of septum Diastolic volume
Diastolic volume index calculation Diastolic wall motion, HCM Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)
Color Doppler color flow jet
diastolic function, dogs with
Doppler evaluation early diagnosis ejection fraction EPSS
features
outcome, predictors of Spectral Doppler subclinical
diagnostic criteria systolic function
two-dimensional and M-mode evaluation
Doberman Pinscher, Two-dimensional/M-mode, Doppler reference ranges
Dog(s). See also Appendix two; Canine; Canine reference ranges; Dog breeds; specific breeds aorta diameter
aortic body tumors aortic valve growth
atrial dilation, mild to severe
chronic degenerative mitral valve insufficiency DCM
endocardial fibroelastosis heart
hemangiosarcoma long-axis LV outflow view long-axis of
right parasternal tipped-long axis images heart failure
interventricular septum LA
left atrial measurement left atrium diameter
left ventricular dilation, mild to severe left ventricular outflow view
LV dimensions mitral regurgitation
mitral valve disease and normal systolic index
peak pulmonary velocity flow PISA method PISA-regurgitant fraction pulmonary hypertension
predicting
pulmonary stenosis
right parasternal long-axis images secondary mitral valve prolapse systolic failure
systolic volume index
Tissue Doppler imaging, DCM transverse heart base assessment transverse left ventricle view trivial mitral regurgitation
ventricular size, quantitative measurements Dog breeds
large
M-mode reference values Doming (of mitral valve leaflets) Doppler-derived frequency shift Doppler-derived pressure gradients Doppler-derived Tei index Doppler echocardiography
ductal shunting test exercises Doppler equation
Doppler examination, M-mode
Doppler flow profile, aortic stenosis and Doppler flow profiles, normal, and technique
Doppler flow velocities, increased, physical factors Doppler gain
Doppler hemodynamic information Doppler imaging
DCM
M-mode echocardiography and pulmonary hypertension
Doppler interrogation Doppler reference ranges
Grevy’s zebra sheep
Doppler shift Doppler tracing Doppler ultrasound
hemodynamic information physics
test exercises
types of
Double-chamber right ventricle (DCRV) and infundibular stenosis
Doppler evaluation Two-dimensional evaluation
Doxorubicin Drop
Dropping (transducer)
DRVO. See Dynamic right ventricular outflow obstruction Ductal flow, maximal velocity
Ductal shunting
Dynamic outflow obstruction
Dynamic right ventricular outflow obstruction (DRVO) Dynamic subvalvular obstruction, concentric hypertrophy Dysplasia of cusps
Dysplastic pulmonary valve Dystrophies
E : A ratios HCM
Ebstein’s anomaly Eccentric hypertrophy
Eccentricity index, paradoxical septal motion Eccentric regurgitant jet
classification of severity and ECG. See Electrocardiogram Echocardiographic mass
Echocardiography. See also Doppler echocardiography; Transesophageal echocardiography; Twodimensional echocardiography
aortic stenosis Doppler imaging
hemodynamic information tumor types
uses of VSD
Echo-free space PE
pericardial effusion Ectopic thyroid tumors
EDT. See Transmitral flow early deceleration time E : Ea ratios
Effective orifice area (EOA), calculation Effective regurgitant orifice area (EROA)
calculation Ejection fraction
DCM
left ventricle
mitral annular motion prognosis
Teicholz equation Ejection time, aortic stenosis Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Ellipsoid model of volume determination, horse E longitudinal velocity
Em : Am ratio Em velocity
End diastolic pulmonary artery pressure End diastolic velocity
Endocardial cushion defects Endocardial fibroelastosis
dog
Endocarditis. See also Bacterial endocarditis aortic valve and
lesions
Endocrine disorders
End systolic dimension to end systolic dimension ratio (ESDe)
English Bull Terriers, Two-dimensional/M-mode, Doppler reference ranges English Pointers, growing, M-Mode reference ranges
Enhanced maps
EOA. See Effective orifice area
Epeak
Epeak velocity
Epoint
Epoint to septal separation (EPSS) DCM
mitral valve
EPSS. See E point to septal separation
Equine. See also Appendix three; Equine reference ranges; Horse endocarditis
four chamber views, imaging technique heart, volume calculations
left cranial five-chamber view, scanning technique left cranial four-chamber view, image
right parasternal short axis views, scanning technique
Tissue Doppler measurements left atrium
left ventricle
Two-dimensional measurements, left atrium Equine reference ranges, Appendix three
Equine thorax, heart location, transducing positioning EROA. See Effective regurgitant orifice area
ESDe. See End systolic dimension to end systolic dimension ratio Estrella Mountain Dogs, Two-dimensional/Doppler reference ranges
European Society of Veterinary Cardiology, subclinical DCM, diagnostic criteria E value, HCM
E velocity
restrictive cardiomyopathy E wave velocity Examination technique, terms
Familial dilated cardiomyopathy Far field divergence
fd. See Frequency shift
Feline. See also Appendix four; Cat appendix four
Color Tissue Doppler
longitudinal left ventricular reference ranges radial left ventricular reference ranges
right ventricular reference ranges cor triatriatum sinister
LV filling pressures pulmonary vein flow
PW Doppler, left ventricular reference ranges Spectral Doppler reference ranges Two-dimensional measurement reference ranges
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) Feline M-mode ratio indices Feline systemic hypertension
Ferrets, M-mode and Spectral Doppler reference ranges Fibrinous pericarditis
Fibromuscular bundle
Fibrosis, focal areas, restrictive cardiomyopathy Fibrous band
aortic stenosis
FIP. See Feline infectious peritonitis “Fish mouth” imaging plane
Flail leaflet
Flail mitral valve leaflet Flail parietal leaflet Flat PISA hemispheres Flow appearance
Flow convergent hemisphere
Flow measurement, at tricuspid valve Flow velocities
cardiac tamponade
right to left shunting PDA tricuspid regurgitant jets Flow velocity integral (FVI) Focal basilar hypertrophy
Focal zones Focus
Food animals, patient positioning Foramen ovale
Four-chamber view atrial size
image
right parasternal long-axis, all animals scanning technique, small animal ventricular length
VSD and
Fractional shortening (FS) aortic stenosis
DCM
factors affecting HCM
left ventricle PDA
poor preload
volume-overloaded heart Frame rate
Free wall DCM
myocardial infarction and Frequency (of sound wave) Frequency shift (fd)
Friedreich’s ataxia
FS. See Fractional shortening FVI. See Flow velocity integral Gain controls
Gate depth sampling, effect of
velocity measurement and Gate size
German Shepherd, M-mode reference ranges Global tissue Doppler index
Glycogen storage diseases Grade 1 diastolic failure Grade 2 diastolic failure Grade 3 diastolic failure Grade 4 diastolic failure
Gradual closure, aortic valve displaying Gray map
Grevy’s zebra
Doppler reference ranges Two-dimensional reference ranges
Greyhounds
LV dimensions
M-mode reference ranges
Grizzly bears, M-mode and Doppler reference ranges Harmonic frequencies
Harmonics imaging mode Hartley albino guinea pigs
M-mode and Doppler reference ranges HCM. See Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Heart. See also Animals; specific imaging views horse
longitudinal images
right parasternal long-axis four chamber view sound plane within, apical four-chamber view transverse images
five standard Heart base
aorta/left atrium view image
scanning technique (equine) scanning technique (small animal)
masses
pleural effusion pulmonary artery view
image
scanning technique (small animal) tumors
Heart beat, rapid, mitral valve Heart chamber(s)
dimensions, left ventricle M-modes intracardiac pressures
size, evaluation of stress
systolic/diastolic pressures thickness, equation
Heart failure. See also Congestive heart failure dog
tricuspid valve disease and Heart murmurs (cats), DRVO Heart rates
color flow jet size and fast
increased, HCM LVET
slow STI
velocity flow Heartworms Hemangiosarcoma
Hemodynamic information, from echocardiographic exams High-frequency transducers
low-frequency transducers v. High velocities, aliasing Holstein-Friesian cow
Horse. See also Appendix three adult
M-mode reference values weighted M-mode ratio indices
aorta of, long-axis image aortic insufficiency apical five-chamber view
v. dogs, interventricular septum ellipsoid model of volume determination
EPSS four-chamber view heart base
right parasternal short-axis view interventricular septum
normal
LA measurement LV
LV M-modes and LV outflow tract flow LV volumes
LV wall
LV with pulmonary artery mitral insufficiency mitral regurgitation mitral valve annulus patient positioning
right parasternal long-axis four-chamber view right parasternal tipped-long axis images
right parasternal tipped long-axis LV outflow view scanning technique
Spectral Doppler reference ranges spontaneous echo contrast
tipped left parasternal four chamber view transverse heart base assessment transverse LV view
transverse veiws, technique
ventricular size, quantitative measurements
Hypertension. See also Chronic systemic hypertension; Feline systemic hypertension; Pulmonary arterial hypertension; Pulmonary hypertension; Systemic hypertension
pulmonary artery flow acceleration time TDI
Hypertensive heart disease Hyperthyroidism
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) causes
complications
diastolic dysfunction, overall assessment Doppler evaluation
diastolic function outflow obstruction
features of
thrombus
Tissue Doppler parameters Two-dimensional and M-mode
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy-impaired relaxation Hypertrophic feline muscular dystrophy
Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, aortic valve motion and Hypertrophy
restrictive cardiomyopathy reversible causes
wall stress and
Hypoplastic pulmonary artery Hypothyroidism
“Ice-pick” view of heart Idiopathic effusion
Idiopathic hemorrhagic pericarditis Idiopathic left ventricular hypertrophy Idiopathic pericardial effusion
Image resolution
Imaging artifacts. See Artifacts Imaging technique, terms
Impaired relaxation, peak E velocities Infectious pericarditis, pericardial disease Infective endocarditis, complications Infiltrative disease
Inflow obstruction assessment of function Color-flow Doppler M-Mode evaluation Spectral Doppler Two-dimensional evaluation
Infundibular hypertrophy Infundibular stenosis
Inlet ventricular septal defect Inspiration, peak pulmonary velocity flow Interatrial septum (IAS)
Intercept angle, velocity measurements and Interventricular septum (IVS)
cats normal
horses, normal horses v. dogs
Intracardiac neoplasia
Intracardiac pressures, heart chambers Intracardiac shunts
Intrapericardial neoplasia
Irish Wolfhound, M-mode reference ranges
Isolated congenital heart defects, stenotic lesions, algorithm Isolated congenital tricuspid stenosis
Isovolumic contraction time (IVCT) measuring
Isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) DCM
flow appearance HCM
imaging plane used increases
IVCT. See Isovolumic contraction time IVS. See Interventricular septum Jersey cow
Jet area
left ventricle outflow tract v. spectral Doppler evaluation
Jet height, aortic regurgitation and Kittens, LV M-modes and
LA. See Left atrium
LA/AO. See Left atrial to aortic root ratio LA : AO ratios, normal
Laminar flow Lateral resolution Left atrial area Left atrial M-mode
assessment measurement
Left atrial pressure DCM
elevated
Left atrial to aortic root ratio (LA/AO) Left atrial volume overload, PDA Left atrium (LA)
diameter, dog dilation enlargement
aortic stenosis equine
HCM and
heart base, image measurement
dogs horse
M-mode images, imaging planes size, hypertension
Left auricle
Left auricular flow flow appearance imaging plane used
Left coronary artery normal
Left cranial five-chamber view equine, scanning technique large animal, image
Left cranial four-chamber view, equine image
scanning technique
Left cranial left auricle view image
scanning technique (small animal) Left cranial right atrium and auricle
image
scanning technique (small animal)
Left cranial right ventricular outflow view image
modification of
scanning technique (small animal) Left cranial transverse heart base view
image
scanning technique (equine) scanning technique (small animal)
Left cranial transverse LV view (equine) image
scanning technique
Left cranial ventricular outflow view image
scanning technique (small animal)
Left parasternal apical images
Left parasternal cranial long-axis images
Left parasternal long axis images, five-chamber view, large animal Left parasternal short-axis images
introduction
left cranial left auricle view
left cranial transverse heart base view left cranial transverse left ventricle view
Left ventricle (LV). See also Animals; specific animals i.e. dog, cat; specific imaging modalities chordae tendinea view
in horse measurement M-mode
assessment
heart chamber dimensions measurement
measuring pitfalls
with papillary muscles view, chordae tendinae view size and function
Tissue Doppler
Left ventricle outflow tract, aortic regurgitation jet area v.
Left ventricle volume overload, AR secondary to rapid vegetative growth Left ventricular and atrial dilation, mild to severe
Left ventricular chamber DCM
filling, phases HCM
length of, in diastole size
two-dimensional echocardiographic exam Left ventricular ejection time (LVET)
DCM index
peak E point and STI and
Left ventricular ejection time to pre-ejection time ratio (LVET/PEP) Left ventricular filling
Left ventricular free wall Left ventricular function
calculations of DCM
systolic function and
Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) Left ventricular inflow
Left ventricular mass
Left ventricular outflow obstruction class I and II
HCM
Left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) cross-sectional area
flow
flow appearance horses
imaging plane used
Left ventricular outflow view (inflow-outflow view) cats
image
Left ventricular posterior wall, ultrasound machines and Left ventricular pre-ejection period (PEP)
STI and
Left ventricular pressure, calculating
Left ventricular septum, two-dimensional echocardiographic exam Left ventricular size
mitral valvular insufficiency and right ventricular size v.
Left ventricular systolic index, survival and Left ventricular transverse views
Left ventricular volume contraction, SAM and Left ventricular volume overload
PDA
Left ventricular wall horse
thickness
two-dimensional echocardiographic exam
Lesions. See Aortic valve lesions; Degenerative lesions; Endocarditis; Mitral lesions; Pulmonary valve vegetative lesions; Stenotic lesions; Valvular lesions; Vegetative lesion
Lift
Linear array transducers Lipomas
Llamas
M-mode reference ranges patient positioning
Long axis views
Longitudinal fibers Long pressure half-time
Low-frequency transducer LV. See Left ventricle
LVET/PEP. See Left ventricular ejection time to pre-ejection time ratio LVH. See Left ventricular hypertrophy
LVOT. See Left ventricular outflow tract LVPEP : LVET
Lymphosarcoma
Maine Coon Cats, M-mode reference ranges MAM. See Mitral annular motion
Mass
collapsed lung v. pericardial effusion
Maximal aortic flow velocity Maximum velocity
MCO. See Mitral closure to opening Mean left atrial pressure (MLAP)
E : Ea ratios
Mean pressure gradient ASD
tricuspid stenosis
Mean pulmonary artery pressure
Mean velocity, Spectral Doppler flow measurement Membranous ventricular septal defect Midventricular obstruction
Midventricular stenosis
Mild aortic stenosis, peak velocities M index
Mirror image artifact
Mitral annular motion (MAM) DCM
degenerative valve disease and ejection fraction and
Mitral annular motion percent, calculating Mitral annulus, measurement
Mitral closure to opening (MCO), measurement Mitral dysplasia
Mitral inflow profile pressure gradient and restrictive cardiomyopathy
Mitral insufficiency aortic stenosis color flow jet exercises
PDA
Mitral insufficiency jet aliased signal and aortic stenosis and
Mitral lesions Mitral regurgitant jet
aortic stenosis and appearance
color flow maps of
Mitral regurgitant jet mapping area (MRMA) Mitral regurgitant jet velocity
peak velocity test exercises
Mitral regurgitation (MR) assessment of function with flow profile
mild
overall assessment
parameters for assessment, man PISA
trace to mild
Mitral regurgitation index Mitral stenosis
Color-flow Doppler differential diagnosis features of
Spectral Doppler Two-dimensional evaluation
Mitral stroke volume calculating
test exercise
Mitral valve (MV). See also Chronic degenerative mitral valve insufficiency; Diastolic mitral valve flutter; Dog(s); Doming (of mitral valve leaflets); Flail mitral valve leaflet; Mitral valve annulus; Mitral valve cusp; Mitral valve insufficiency; Mitral valve prolapse; Mitral valve view; Septal mitral valve leaflet; Systolic anterior mitral valve motion
assessment
closure, left ventricular diastolic pressure delayed closure
EPSS flow
flow velocity integrals at leaflets, degenerative changes in lesions
measurement M-mode images
technique motion
ruptured chordae tendineae
right parasternal long-axis left ventricular outflow view Mitral valve annulus, size of
Mitral valve (MV) cusp Mitral valve diastolic flutter Mitral valve E : A ratio
Mitral valve E velocity, increases Mitral valve flow
Color-flow images velocity
Mitral valve fluttering Mitral valve insufficiency
left ventricular size
Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) as secondary disease
Mitral valve view image
scanning technique equine
small animal
MLAP. See Mean left atrial pressure M-mode
acquired mitral valvular insufficiency aortic valve lesions
AR
Doppler examination and Doppler reference ranges
chinchillas Grizzly bears
Hartley albino guinea pigs sheep
features
hemodynamic information left ventricular mass
measurement and assessment, guidelines for mitral insufficiency, features of
mitral stenosis reference ranges
breed-specific Canine
cats, sedated or anesthetized German Shepherd
Grevy’s zebra Greyhounds growing foals growing kittens
growing Spanish Mastiff Irish Wolfhound
llamas
Maine Coon Cats nonanesthetized cats pigs
pony foals sheep
Thoroughbred horses reference values
adult horses dog breeds with puppies
regression equations, growing kittens
and Spectral Doppler reference ranges, ferrets technique
aortic root baseline
color-flow processing frame averaging
left ventricle
mitral annular motion mitral valve threshold priority
test exercise thoroughbred cross horses thoroughbred horses
and Two-dimensional reference ranges, monkeys ultrasound
ventricles
volume calculations M-mode Ratio indices Moderator bands
Modified Bernoulli equation Modified Simpson’s rule
Monkeys, M-mode and Two-dimensional reference ranges MPI. See Myocardial performance index; Tei index
MR. See Mitral regurgitation
MRMA. See Mitral regurgitant jet mapping area Multiple focal zones
Muscular ventricular septal defect MVP. See Mitral valve prolapse Myocardial compliance, decreased Myocardial contractility, normal Myocardial contusions Myocardial diseases
Myocardial failure Myocardial fiber shortening Myocardial fibrosis Myocardial function Myocardial infarction
acute v. chronic free wall
free wall thinning Myocardial ischemia
HCM
postsystolic contraction and Myocardial performance index (MPI)
canine increased
pulsed-wave tissue Doppler images tissue Doppler
Myocardial relaxation, impaired Myxoma
Myxosarcoma
Near field divergence Negative frequency shift
Neonates, ventricular wall thickness
Neoplasia
New York Heart Association (NYHA) criteria, atrial size Nodular leaflets, mitral lesions
Nodules
Non-idiopathic left ventricular hypertrophy Non-invasive cardiac catheterization Nutritional disorders
NYHA criteria. See New York Heart Association criteria Nyquist limit
velocities exceeding Outflow gradients Outflow image Outflow obstructions
Outflow tract, subvalvular obstruction and PA. See Pulmonary artery
Packet size
PAP. See Pulmonary artery pressure Papillary muscle
fibrosis
left ventricle image
mitral dysplasia myocardial fibrosis rupture
size
small animal scanning technique Paradoxical septal motion (PSM)
eccentricity index and Two-dimensional manifestation of
Paraganglioma
Parasternal long-axis views Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
shunt pathway
two-dimensional and M-mode evaluation left ventricular function
structural changes Patent ductus measurements Patient
movement, artifact and positioning
large animal
small animal Patient preparation
PDA. See Patent ductus arteriosus PE. See Pericardial effusion Peaked PISA hemispheres
Peak E point Peak E velocity
diminished reduced
Peak left ventricular contraction Peak mitral regurgitant velocity
Peak pulmonary artery systolic pressure Peak right ventricular pressure Peak-to-peak pressure gradients
Peak velocity
mild aortic stenosis
mitral regurgitant jet velocity Spectral Doppler flow measurement tricuspid regurgitant jets
VSD
PEP. See Left ventricular pre-ejection period Pericardial cysts
Pericardial disease constrictive pericarditis idiopathic effusion infectious pericarditis introduction
Pericardial effusion (PE) cardiac function with cat heart
HCM mass and
pleural effusions v. Two-dimensional imaging
Pericardial fat Pericardial fluid accumulation
tap Pericardial sac
Perimembranous ventricular septal defect Persistence/frame averaging
PHT. See Pressure half-time Physiologic regurgitation
Pigs, growing, M-mode and Doppler reference ranges PISA. See Proximal isovelocity surface area Planimetry of aorta
Plasma taurine levels Pleural effusion
cat heart
pericardial effusions v.
PMI. See Point of maximal intensity Point
Point of maximal intensity (PMI)
Portuguese Water Dogs, growing, M-Mode reference ranges Poststenotic dilation
of ascending aorta
of pulmonary artery, test exercises
Postsystolic contraction, myocardial ischemia and Pre-ejection period (PEP), DCM
Preload
fractional shortening STI
Pressure gradient (PG) aortic stenosis
based on, subvalvular aortic stenosis inaccurate
mitral inflow profile and test exercises
Tetralogy of Fallot VSD
Pressure half-time (PHT) aortic regurgitation mitral stenosis pulmonary regurgitation Spectral Doppler stenosis and
tricuspid stenosis
PRF. See Pulse repetition frequency Prolapsed aortic valve cusps Prolapsed aortic valve leaflet Prolapsed aortic valves, prolapse of
Proximal isovelocity surface area (PISA)
aortic regurgitation and Pseudonormal diastolic function, HCM Pseudonormalization
Pulmonary arterial hypertension moderate to severe
predictive variables for Two-dimensional and M-mode findings
Pulmonary artery (PA) diameter
dilation PDA
distensibility imaging
patent ductus and PDA
tricuspid valve disease and VSD
Pulmonary artery flow profile Pulmonary artery hypertension
right ventricular volume overload Pulmonary artery pressure (PAP)
normal
Pulmonary effusion, neoplasia Pulmonary embolism Pulmonary flow
Color-flow images imaging plane used profiles
velocities views of
Pulmonary flow acceleration time, hypertension and Pulmonary hypertension
ASD
in dogs, predicting Doppler evaluation Pulmonary insufficiency
flow profile
Pulmonary regurgitant flow Pulmonary regurgitation
Color-flow Doppler overall assessment
Spectral Doppler two-dimensional evaluation
Pulmonary regurgitation peak Pulmonary stenosis (PS)
Color-flow Doppler dog
left ventricular hypertrophy and severity
Spectral Doppler
Tetralogy of Fallot
Two dimensional evaluation type
Pulmonary to aortic pressure ratios, VSD Pulmonary to systemic flow ratios Pulmonary valve cusps, curvature
Pulmonary valves. See also Dysplastic pulmonary valve; Pulmonary valve cusps; Pulmonary valve vegetative lesions
imaging
Pulmonary valve vegetative lesions, canine Pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) Pulmonary vein
systolic flow velocity
Pulmonary vein systolic flow reversal Pulmonary venous flow
feline
flow appearance HCM
imaging plane used
Pulmonary venous pressure, inspiration and Pulmonary wedge pressure
Pulmonic pressure gradient Pulmonic valve prolapse Pulsed-wave gate
Pulsed-wave signal, spectral broadening in Pulse length
Pulse repetition frequency (PRF) Pulses
sound wave and
Pulse-wave tissue Doppler (PW Doppler) cats, left ventricular reference ranges DCM
diastolic function examination
HCM images
MPI obstruction and
transducer frequency variables
Puppies
LV M-modes and
M-mode images, reference values PVR. See Pulmonary vascular resistance
PW Doppler. See Pulse-wave tissue Doppler QRS complex
QVAC. See Total systolic time RA. See Right atrium
Rabbits
M-mode and Two-dimensional reference ranges Spectral and Tissue Doppler reference ranges
RABT (Red away and blue toward) map Radial left ventricular wall motion Ratio indices, M-mode
RCM. See Restrictive cardiomyopathy Real-time ultrasound
Reference marks
apical four-chamber view apical five-chamber view horse
transducers
Reference symbol, ultrasound machine and Refraction (of sound)
Refractive angle Regurgitant flow Regurgitant flow velocity Regurgitant fraction (RF)
calculation errors calculation of
spectral Doppler evaluation test exercise
Regurgitant jet appearance area
height, aortic regurgitation and
size, aortic insufficiency and vibration
Regurgitant orifice size, calculation of Regurgitant velocity
Regurgitant volume (RV) equation
Spectral Doppler evaluation Regurgitation
color-flow Doppler color-flow settings for
Relaxation affect Resolution, transducers and Respiration
peak pulmonary velocity flow vena cava and
vena cava collapse Respiratory artifacts Respiratory variation
Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) diastolic dysfunction
differential diagnosis endocardial surfaces features
systolic left ventricular function, evaluation of two-dimensional evaluation
Restrictive pericarditis Reverberation artifact Reversed E : A ratio, HCM RF. See Regurgitant fraction Rhabdomyosarcoma
Right arterial dilation
Right artery, tricuspid insufficiency Right atrial pressure, elevated Right atrial wall, cardiac tamponade Right atrium (RA)
four-chamber view tricuspid insufficiency
Right atrium (RA) pressure, vena cava respiratory collapse Right auricle tumors
Right bundle branch block
Right heart dilation, tricuspid insufficiency
Right parasternal four chamber view, HCM v. normal Right parasternal long-axis four chamber view, all animals Right parasternal long-axis images
left ventricular outflow view, dogs
Right parasternal long-axis left ventricular outflow view, mitral valves Right parasternal short-axis images
equine, scanning technique
Right parasternal tipped long-axis LV outflow view, horse Right parasternal transverse heart base
Right parasternal transverse left ventricle Right to left shunting PDA
Right ventricle (RV)
size, left ventricular size v. tissue Doppler examination tricuspid insufficiency VSD
Right ventricle fractional error change Right ventricular cardiomyopathy Right ventricular chamber
measurement
Right ventricular dilation pulmonary artery hypertension tricuspid regurgitation and
Right ventricular ejection time (RVET)
Right ventricular function, systolic function and Right ventricular hypertrophy, test exercises Right ventricular inflow
Right ventricular outflow tract flow flow appearance
imaging plane used
Right ventricular outflow view Right ventricular pressure
elevation of, paradoxical septal motion Right ventricular pressure overload
Right ventricular size, left ventricular size v. Right ventricular stroke volume, calculation Right ventricular tumor
Right ventricular volume overload pulmonary artery hypertension secondary to pulmonary hypertension
Right ventricular wall thickness, increase
Rotate (transducer) Ruptured chordae tendineae
acquired mitral valvular insufficiency
RV. See Regurgitant volume; Right ventricle RVET. See Right ventricular ejection time
SAM motion. See Systolic anterior mitral valve motion Sample gate, transmitral flow
Sampling frequency
SAS. See Subvalvular aortic stenosis Scale
Spectral Doppler Scanning table, small animal Scattering (of sound)
Secondary mitral valve prolapse (MPV) Sector width
Sepsis
Septal boundaries Septal flattening Septal hypertrophy
cats and Tetralogy of Fallot
Septal mitral valve leaflet Septal motion
Septal thickness Septal wall, DCM Septum motion
Severe aortic insufficiency, regurgitant jet size Severe mitral insufficiency
Severe mitral valve prolapse (MPV) Severe right ventricular hypertrophy
test exercises Tetralogy of Fallot
Shaving
Sheep, M-mode reference ranges Short axis views
Shunt pathway, PDA Shunt ratios
test exercise Shunt volume, VSD Side lobe artifact
Simplified Bernoulli equation
Simpson’s rule methods Sinus tachycardia
Slope of aortic regurgitant spectral display Sound
tissues and Sound beams Sound plane
within heart, apical four-chamber view right parasternal short-axis images spatial orientation of
Sound wave images and pulses
Spanish Mastiff, growing, M-Mode reference ranges Spectral and Tissue Doppler reference ranges, rabbits Spectral broadening
CW Doppler and
Spectral Doppler flow assessment aortic
diastolic time intervals isovolumic relaxation time left auricle flow
mean velocity mitral valve flow peak velocity
pulmonary artery flow pulmonary vein flow systolic time intervals tricuspid valve flow VLI
Spectral Doppler imaging aortic flow, appearance aortic regurgitation controls
DCM
inflow obstruction introduction
jet area mitral inflow
appearance imaging planes
mitral stenosis patent ductus
pressure half-time and slope pulmonary flow
appearance imaging planes
pulmonary regurgitation pulmonary stenosis regurgitant fraction regurgitant volume systemic hypertension systolic function Tetralogy of Fallot tricuspid regurgitation tricuspid stenosis ventricular septal defect
Spectral Doppler reference ranges feline
horse
Spectral tracings Speed of sound (V)
in soft tissue in tissues
transducer frequency Sphericity
Spontaneous echo contrast Stenosis, cross-sectional Stenotic area size, calculation Stenotic lesions
Stenotic obstruction, aliased flow STI. See Systolic time intervals Stroke volume, VTI and
Stunned myocardium Subaortic stenosis
Subcostal five chamber view (small animal), image and scanning technique Subcostal image, subcostal five chamber view (small animal)
Subcostal imaging plane, aortic flow velocity Subvalvular aortic stenosis (SAS)
aortic flow profile in fibrous band obstruction, features of
Subvalvular dynamic obstruction Subvalvular hypertrophy Subvalvular obstruction
concentric hypertrophy outflow tract and
Subvalvular stenosis
Supracristal ventricular septal defect aortic insufficiency
color-flow Doppler imaging Supravalvular stenosis Sweep speed
M-mode images Spectral Doppler
Systemic hypertension cats
diastolic dysfunction and Spectral Doppler
two-dimensional and M-mode features Systemic pressures
abnormal, jet area assessment and Systole. See also Atrial systole
pulmonary artery hypertension test exercises
Systolic anterior mitral valve motion (SAM motion) Systolic closure, of aortic valve
Systolic color flow Doppler, timing of Systolic dysfunction
characteristics HCM secondary to
Systolic failure in cats
in dogs
Systolic flow reversal, severe TR Systolic flutter of aortic valve Systolic function
causes of DCM depressed HCM and
LV function and
maximal aortic flow velocity
M-Mode evaluation M-mode evaluation of parameters
PDA
Spectral Doppler evaluation Tissue Doppler evaluation Two-dimensional measurement
Systolic left ventricular pressure Systolic right ventricular pressure Systolic time intervals (STI)
afterload effects in cardiac diseases heart rate
normal heart LVET PEP in preload effects
Systolic volume index calculation
dogs normal
Tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy
TASPE. See Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion Taurine deficiency
TDI. See Tissue Doppler imaging Teicholz equation
Tei index (MPI) Temporal artifact Temporal resolution Tetralogy of Fallot
hypoplasia of pulmonary artery VSD
TGC levers. See Time gain compensation levers Thoroughbred cross horses, M-mode measurements Thoroughbred horses
M-mode measurements M-mode reference ranges
Two-dimensional reference ranges Threshold priority Thromboembolic events (PTE) Thrombus
HCM
in pericardial space
Time gain compensation levers (TGC levers) Time-to-peak flow (TTP flow)
Time velocity integral (TVI)
Tipped four chamber views, large/small animals Tipped left parasternal four chamber view, horse heart Tipped long-axis views
Tipped views Tissue
acoustical impedance half-power distances sound and
speed of sound Tissue density
DCM sound and
Tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) assessment of
DCM
diastolic function HCM hypertension imaging plane used measurement of
myocardial performance index parameters, HCM
pulmonary hypertension and restrictive cardiomyopathy systolic function
Tissue Doppler time intervals, myocardial function and Tissue harmonic imaging
Total stroke volume
Total systolic time (QVAC) Total velocity range, baseline and Toxins
Transducer. See also High-frequency transducers; Linear array transducers; Low-frequency transducer; Transducer frequency
dropping lifting/dropping pointing reference marks
resolution and
right parasternal-long axis images rotating
selection
Transducer frequency. See also High-frequency transducers; Low-frequency transducer effect of
maximum velocities speed of sound and Transducers, resolution
Transesophageal echocardiography aortic regurgitation
AR
Transmitral E velocity Transmitral flow
appearance deceleration time imaging plane used measurement
normal to restrictive physiology sample gate
small animal velocity
Transmitral flow early deceleration time (EDT) Trans tricuspid flow
flow appearance imaging plane used velocity
Transverse heart base assessment cat
dog horse
Transverse heart base measurement Transverse images
aortic valve and heart
LV M-modes and Transverse left ventricle view
dogs and cats horse
Trauma, traumatic myocarditis
Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TASPE)
Tricuspid dysplasia Tricuspid inflow, VSD Tricuspid insufficiency
flow velocities
right-sided pressures in, test exercises right to left shunting PDA
Tricuspid regurgitant jet Color-flow Doppler Doppler cursor and flow velocities and peak velocity
Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) assessment
Color-flow Doppler imaging mild
overall assessment severe
Spectral Doppler imaging Tricuspid stenosis
Color-flow Doppler Spectral Doppler velocity flow
Tricuspid valve (TV) flow measurement
Tricuspid valve disease, heart failure secondary to Tricuspid valve flow
measurement Tricuspid valve prolapse
Trivial aortic insufficiency Trivial mitral regurgitation Trivial pulmonary insufficiency Truncated ellipse
TTP flow. See Time-to-peak flow
Tumors. See also Aortic body tumors; Cardiac tumors; Ectopic thyroid tumors; Heart base; Right auricle tumors; Right ventricular tumor
ectopic thyroid
types, echocardiography Turbulent blood flow
aliasing
TV. See Tricuspid valve
TVI. See Time velocity integral Two-dimensional echocardiography
acquired mitral valvular insufficiency, valvular appearance and motion of cardiac size
constrictive pericarditis controls
inflow obstruction measurement and assessment of mitral insufficiency, features of M-mode
aortic regurgitation ASD
DCM features
findings, pulmonary artery hypertension small defects
systemic hypertension tricuspid regurgitation tricuspid stenosis ventricular septal defect
pericardial effusion pulmonary regurgitation pulmonary stenosis reference ranges, canine restrictive cardiomyopathy size, subjective impression of systemic hypertension
test exercises
Two-dimensional reference ranges feline
Grevy’s zebra horses
systolic function Thoroughbred horses
Type I flow profile Type II flow profile Type III flow profile Ultrasound, physics of
basic
Ultrasound machine reference symbol
V. See Blood cell velocity; Speed of sound Valvular apparatus, appearance of
Valvular dysplasia Valvular insufficiency Valvular lesions
Valvular pulmonic stenosis test exercises
types
Valvular regurgitation, Doppler techniques, advantages/limitations Variance color flow maps
Variance maps
VCF. See Circumferential shortening Vegetative endocarditis
Vegetative lesion Velocity
measurements range
scale
of sound, equation Velocity flow
pulmonary stenosis tricuspid stenosis
Velocity time integral (VTI) Vena cava
collapse
RA pressure and respiration
dilation respiration
Vena contracta
aortic regurgitant jets and EROA
man
Ventricles, M-mode images Ventricular compliance, reduced Ventricular dilation
Ventricular filling restriction of
Ventricular filling pressure, increased Ventricular function, evaluation of Ventricular length
four-chamber views measurement of
Ventricular mass calculation of
Ventricular measurements, test exercises Ventricular outflow profiles
Ventricular septal defect (VSD) blood pathway echocardiographic exams small
Tetralogy of Fallot
Two-dimensional and M-mode evaluation Ventricular septum
Ventricular size. See also Left ventricular size; Right ventricular size body surface area v.
quantitative measurements, evaluation of Ventricular wall thickness, neonates Vibration, regurgitant jet
Volume calculations bullet formula
Volume load (to heart), VSD Volume measurement Volume overload
aortic insufficiency and Tetralogy of Fallot ventricular
VSD Volumetric flow
aortic measurement calculation
VSD. See Ventricular septal defect VTI. See Velocity time integral
v wave Wall filters
Wall stress. See also Afterload wall stress hypertrophy and
Wall thickness measurement
Wall thickness to chamber size measurements Weight-based aortic index
Weighted left atrial dimension Weighted M-mode ratio indices, horses Whippets, M-Mode reference ranges
Spectral Doppler Two-dimensional
White coat effect
