M-Mode Reference Ranges
X = mean, SD = standard deviation, d = diastole, s = systole, mm = millimeter, sec = second, circ = circumference, RV = right ventricle, LV = left ventricle, FS = fractional shortening, LVET = left ventricular ejection time, PEP = pre-ejection period, Vcf = velocity of circumferential fiber shortening, VS = ventricular septum, LVW = left ventricular wall, AO = aorta, LA = left atrium, HR = heart rate, kg = kilogram, N = number.
Growing Kittens
M-Mode Reference Ranges12
d = diastole, s = systole, mm = millimeter, LV = left ventricle, FS = fractional shortening, EF = ejection fraction, VS = ventricular septum, LVW = left ventricular wall, AO = aorta, LA = left atrium, HR = heart rate, kg = kilogram, N = number, = change.
Growing Kittens
M-Mode Regression Equations12
Two-Dimensional Measurement Reference Ranges
Leading edge method used. X = mean, SD = standard deviation, d = diastole, s = systole, mm = millimeter, cm = centimeter, LV = left ventricle, FS = fractional shortening, VS = ventricular septum, LVW = left ventricular wall, AO = aorta, LA = left atrium, PM = papillary muscle, HR = heart rate, kg = kilogram, N = number.
Feline
Spectral Doppler Reference Ranges
X = mean, SD = standard deviation, Vmax = peak velocity, m/sec = meters/second, AO = aorta, PA = pulmonary artery, MV E = mitral valve early diastolic flow, MV A = mitral valve late diastolic flow, acc = acceleration, dec = deceleration, dur = duration, IVRT = isovolumic relaxation time, PV S = pulmonary ventricular systolic flow, PV D = pulmonary vein diastolic flow, PV Ar = pulmonary vein atrial reverse flow, systolic fraction = % of systolic flow velocity integral compared to total cardiac cycle flow velocity integral, HR = heart rate, kg = kilogram, N = number.
PW Tissue Doppler
Left Ventricular References Ranges in Cats20
Em = early diastolic motion (same as E′), Am = late diastolic motion (same as A′), acc = acceleration, dec = deceleration, dur = duration, IVRT = isovolumic relaxation time, IVCT = isovolumic contraction time, N = number, kg = kilogram, HR = heart rate, X = mean, SD = standard deviation.
Color Tissue Doppler
Radial Left Ventricular Feline Reference Ranges6
LV = left ventricle, SA = short axis, cm = centimeter, sec = second, HR = heart rate, N =number, kg = kilogram, Sm = systolic myocardial velocity (same as S′), Em = early diastolic myocardial velocity (same as E′), Am = late diastolic myocardial velocity (same as A’), IVCT = isovolumic contraction time, IVRT = isovolumic relaxation time, DSH = domestic short hair, min = minimum, max = maximum.
Color Tissue Doppler
Longitudinal Left Ventricular Feline Reference Ranges6
Cm = centimeter, sec = second, HR = heart rate, N =number, kg = kilogram, Sm = systolic myocardial velocity (same as S′), Em = early diastolic myocardial velocity (same as E′), Am = late diastolic myocardial velocity (same as A′), IVCT = isovolumic contraction time, IVRT = isovolumic relaxation time, DSH = domestic short hair, SD = standard deviation, X = mean, min = minimum, max = maximum.
Color Tissue Doppler
Right Ventricular References Ranges in Cats21
RV Free Wall Tricuspid Annulus N
X ± SD
Right Ventricle |
|
|
|
|
7.6 |
± 2.6 |
41 |
||
Em (cm/sec) |
||||
Am (cm/sec) |
9.4 |
± 2.9 |
41 |
|
Em : Am |
.85 |
± .29 |
41 |
|
Sm (cm/sec) |
9.5 |
± 2.6 |
50 |
|
RVET (msec) |
131 ± 26 |
50 |
||
Em dec rate (cm/sec2) |
3.3 ± 1.3 |
50 |
||
IVRT (msec) |
47 ± 13 |
50 |
||
IVCT (msec) |
31 ± 13 |
50 |
||
MPI |
.60 ± .16 |
50 |
||
HR |
191 ± 31 |
|
||
Age |
3 mo − 19 yr |
|
||
kg |
4.5 ± 1.7 |
|
||
Em = early diastolic velocity (same as E′), Am = late diastolic velocity (same as A′), Sm = systolic velocity (same as s′), dec rate = deceleration rate, IVRT = isovolumic relaxation time, IVCT = isovolumic contraction time, MPI = myocardial performance index, X = mean, SD = standard deviation, N = number, HR = heart rate, kg = kilogram, mo = month, yr = year.
References
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