M-Mode and Doppler Reference Ranges
SD = standard deviation, d = diastole, s = systole, LV = left ventricle, FS = fractional shortening, LA = left atrium, AO = aorta, LVW = left ventricular wall, VS = ventricular septum, MV E = mitral valve early diastolic flow, TV E = tricuspid valve early diastolic flow, Vmax = maximum velocity, PA = pulmonary artery, TR = tricuspid regurgitation, mm = millimeter, m/s = meters per second, mm Hg = millimeters of mercury, HR = heart rate, kg = kilogram, N = number.
Adult Llamas
M-Mode Reference Ranges6
Parameter |
Mean ± SD |
Range |
|
LVd (mm) |
62.01 |
± 6.57 |
48.97–74.53 |
LVs (mm) |
37.15 |
± 6.81 |
20.64–53.52 |
% FS |
40.03 |
± 9.42 |
25.90–62.42 |
LVWd (mm) |
11.60 |
± 2.52 |
7.9 6–18.97 |
LVWs (mm) |
20.82 |
± 4.28 |
14.42–30.11 |
LVWexc (mm) |
14.74 |
± 4.87 |
8.63–28.13 |
LVW % |
81.93 |
± 29.80 |
33.04–159.80 |
VSd (mm) |
12.35 |
± 1.80 |
9.75–16.79 |
VSs (mm) |
21.17 |
± 3.27 |
15.19–27.73 |
Vsexc (mm) |
12.29 |
± 3.78 |
6.50–22.70 |
VS % |
72.60 |
± 22.93 |
39.66–117.80 |
VSd/LVd |
0.20 × .04 |
0.15–0.27 |
|
VSd/LVWd |
1.10 ± .21 |
0.68–1.52 |
|
HR |
61.70 |
± 13.70 |
45.00–93.00 |
N |
|
20 |
|
SD = standard deviation, d = diastole, s = systole, LV = left ventricle,
FS = fractional shortening, LVW = left ventricular wall, VS = ventricular septum, exc = excursion, change symbol = change
mm = millimeter, HR = heart rate, kg = kilogram, N = number.
Rabbits
M-Mode and Two-Dimensional Reference Ranges
Volume calculated using Simpson’s Rule
SD = standard deviation, LAX = long axis, d = diastole, s = systole, LV = left ventricle, FS = fractional shortening, LVW = left ventricular wall, VS = ventricular septum, EF = ejection fraction, Ao = aorta, LA = left atrium, EPSS = E point to septal separation, SV = stroke volume, CO = cardiac output, ml = milliliter, min = minute, mm = millimeter, HR = heart rate, N = number.
Rabbits
Spectral and Tissue Doppler Reference Ranges
X = mean, SD = standard deviation, ms = milliseconds, s = seconds, cm = centimeter, IVRT = isovolumic relaxation time, Peak E = early diastolic flow, Peak A = late diastolic flow, IVRT = isovolumic relaxation time, IVCT = isovolumic contraction time, acc = acceleration, dec = deceleration, vel = velocity, a = annulus, PV S = pulmonary vein systolic flow, PV D = pulmonary vein diastolic flow, PV A = pulmonary vein atrial reverse flow, dur = duration, TVI = time velocity integral, AFF = atrial filling fraction, SFF = systolic filling fraction, Vmax = peak velocity, LVET = left ventricular ejection time, tissue Doppler parameters obtained from apical four chamber images, Ar = atrial reverse flow, Tei = myocardial performance index, Sm = systolic myocardial velocity, Em = early diastolic myocardial velocity, Am = late diastolic myocardial velocity, LVET = left ventricular ejection time.
Ferrets
M-Mode and Spectral Doppler Reference Ranges
X = mean, SD = standard deviation, mm = millimeter, ml = milliliter, m/sec = meters/second, d = diastole, s = systole, LV = left ventricle, FS = fractional shortening, LVW = left ventricular wall, VS = ventricular septum, EF = ejection fraction, AO = aorta, LA = left atrium, EPSS = E point to septal separation, EF = ejection fraction, RV = right ventricle, RVW = right ventricular wall, PA = pulmonary artery, Vmax = peak velocity, VTI = velocity time integral, CSA = cross-sectional area, SV = stroke volume, CO = cardiac output, CI = cardiac index, MV E = mitral valve early diastolic flow, MV A = mitral valve late diastolic flow, N number, g = gram, HR = heart rate.
Monkeys
Two-Dimensional and M-Mode Reference Ranges
Hartley Albino Guinea Pigs
M-Mode Reference Ranges15
Parameter |
Mean ± SD |
Range |
|
LVd (mm) |
6.85 |
± 0.36 |
6.30–7.50 |
LVs (mm) |
4.35 |
± 0.17 |
4.20–4.60 |
VSd (mm) |
1.75 |
± 0.31 |
1.30–2.10 |
VSs (mm) |
2.26 |
± 0.35 |
1.70–2.70 |
LVWd (mm) |
2.28 ± 0.40 |
1.50–2.70 |
|
LVWs (mm) |
2.80 ± 0.58 |
1.90–3.50 |
|
Ao (mm) |
4.65 ± 0.25 |
4.40–5.00 |
|
LA (mm) |
4.95 ± 0.34 |
4.60–5.40 |
|
EF % |
70.87 ± 3.01 |
67.00–78.00 |
|
FS % |
35.62 ± 2.62 |
32.00–41.00 |
|
Weight (g) |
570.13 ± 31.09 |
500.00–650.00 |
|
N |
|
12 |
|
Sedation |
|
Xylazine / Ketamine |
|
d = diastole, s = systole, mm = millimeter, LV = left ventricle, LVW = left ventricular wall, FS = fractional shortening, EF = ejection fraction, EPSS = E point to septal separation, LA = left atrium, AO = aorta, HR = heart rate, g = gram.
Grizzly Bears
M-Mode and Doppler Reference Ranges16
Parameter |
|
Active |
Hibernation |
|
M-Mode |
|
X ± SD |
|
|
Vcf (cir/sec) |
1.8 ± 0.4 |
0.9 ± 0.2 |
||
VSd (cm) |
1.4 ± 0.2 |
1.3 ± 0.1 |
||
LVd (cm) |
4.2 ± 0.4 |
4.6 ± 0.3 |
||
LVWd (cm) |
1.2 ± 0.2 |
1.2 ± 0.1 |
||
LVs (cm) |
2.7 ± 0.3 |
3.4 ± 0.4 |
||
LVW % |
57.2 |
± 20.2 |
54.0 |
± 24.7 |
FS% |
35.5 |
± 3.0 |
25.8 |
± 5.9 |
EF% |
65.3 |
± 4.9 |
54.3 |
± 5.6 |
SV (ml) |
47.7 |
± 9.9 |
52.0 |
± 8.8 |
MV DE Acc Rate (cm/s) |
34.4 |
± 8.8 |
40.7 |
± 21.1 |
MV E Dec Rate (cm/s) |
11.4 |
± 1.4 |
10.3 |
± 2.1 |
EPSS (cm) |
0.4 ± 0.1 |
0.3 ± 0.1 |
||
PEP (sec) |
0.4 ± 0.1 |
0.3 ± 0.1 |
||
Doppler |
|
|
|
|
AO Vmax (cm/s) |
86.6 |
± 13.9 |
94.3 |
± 8.2 |
AO Acc Time (msec) |
53.6 |
± 19.7 |
68.3 |
± 16.3 |
AO Acc Rate (cm/s2) |
1,834.6 ± 715.9 |
1419.3 ± 224.5 |
||
MV E : A |
1.2 ± 0.2 |
2.1 ± 0.4 |
||
MV E Acc Time (msec) |
92.5 |
± 19.4 |
90.8 |
± 27.1 |
MV E Dec Time (msec) |
142.5 ± 34.4 |
190.0 ± 43.7 |
||
MV PHT (msec) |
41.5 |
± 9.9 |
57.8 |
± 14.8 |
IVRT (msec) |
76.7 |
± 11.7 |
110.0 ± 28.6 |
|
CO (L/min) |
4.9 ± 1.7 |
2.6 ± 1.2 |
||
CO index (L/min/m2) |
7.3 ± 2.7 |
4.6 ± 2.2 |
||
Weight (mean kg) |
|
58.8 |
|
72.5 |
Sedation |
|
Tiletamine/Zolazepam |
||
N |
|
6 |
|
|
X = mean, SD = standard deviation, Vcf = velocity of circumferential fiber shortening, cir = circumference, sec = second, LV = left ventricle, VS = ventricular septum, LVW = left ventricular wall, FS = fractional shortening, EF = ejection fraction, SV = stroke volume, , MV = mitral valve, MV DE = mitral valve early diastolic opening motion, EPSS = E point to septal separation, PEP = pre ejection period, AO = aorta, Vmax = peak velocity, acc = acceleration, dec = deceleration, MV E = mitral valve early diastolic flow, PHT = pressure half time, IVRT = isovolumic relaxation time, CO = cardiac output, kg = kilogram, N = number
Grevy’s Zebra
M-Mode, Two-Dimensional, and Doppler Reference Ranges17
Parameter |
X ± SD |
M-Mode |
|
Vcf (cir/sec) |
|
VSd (cm) |
2.08 ± 0.28 |
VSs (cm) |
3.40 ± 0.55 |
LVd (cm) |
9.85 ± 0.97 |
LVWd (cm) |
1.95 ± 0.29 |
LVWs (cm) |
2.82 ± 0.36 |
LVs (cm) |
6.82 ± 0.68 |
LVW % |
|
FS % |
30.67 ± 4.36 |
EF % |
55.48 ± 6.12 |
EPSS (cm) |
2.16 ± 0.52 |
Two-Dimensional |
|
LA LLX (cm) |
8.65 ± 0.76 |
Doppler |
|
AOV Max (m/s) |
0.75 ± 0.08 |
PAV Max (m/s) |
0.87 ± 0.13 |
N |
20 |
Sedation |
Etorphine hydrochloride detomadine / Acepromazine maleate |
X = mean, SD = standard deviation, Vcf = velocity of circumferential fiber shortening, cir = circumference, sec = second, VS = ventricular septum, LV = left ventricle, LVW = left ventricular wall, FS = fractional shortening, EF = ejection fraction, EPSS = E point to septal separation, LA = left atrium, LLX = left long axis, Vmax = peak velocity, PA = pulmonary artery, N = number, cm = centimeter, m/sec = meters/second.
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