Text с. The Physiology of the Lungs

The physiology of the lungs is associated with their structure. There are over 700,000,000 alveoli in the lungs. The total surface of the alveoli is about 90 sq. m (square metres). The lungs have many capillaries with the total surface of about 80 sq. m. This particular structure of the lungs enables the exchange of gases between the alveolar air and the blood.

Elastic fibers of connective tissue composing the walls of the alveoli, alveolar passages and the visceral pleura enable the lungs to dilate.

When one breathes normally not all the alveoli and capillaries of the lungs are opened. When respiration becomes deep, the number of the opened alveoli and capillaries increases. The flow of blood into the lungs increases when one breathes in and it decreases when one breathes out.

The regulation of the vital capacity of the lungs is of particular importance to the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide taking place in the lungs. It is considered that in the adult the vital capacity of the lungs is about 3-4 litres. When the depth of respiration increases the vital capacity may be 6 litres and even more.

The lungs take part in the production of physiologically active substances, in the regulation of blood coagulation, in the metabolism of proteins, fats and carbohydrates.

Class assignments

6. Translate the following words. Find in them:

1. suffixes — operate, various, regulation, changeable, appearance, importance, production, politician;

2. prefixes—discontinue, discovery, impossible, exchange, independent, disconnect, untreated, inattentive

6. Give the English equivalents of the words in brackets. Translate the following sentences:

1. When we breathe out (ток) of blood into the lungs (уменьшается). 2. One of the mechanisms of headache (связан) with the pressure made by a tumour on the cranial and cervical nerves. 3. During the act of respiration the air enters the lungs through the air (ходы). 4. When the doctor was examining the patient he asked him (дышать) deeply. 5. (Жировые) substances which are located in the cell compose 1-2% of its total weight. 6. (Количество) of the fluid part of the blood called the plasma composes 60%.

6. Read and translate the following sentences:

1. The treatment the patient had begun on the first of June was quite effective.

2. The condition of the patient we are treating has become better. 3. The methods of investigation the scientist had included in his research helped him to determine the origin of the pulmonary disease. 4. The faculty my brother is in trains pediatricians.

6. Finish the sentences choosing the appropriate clause:

1. The patient stated that... (a) he had had pneumonia two years before; b) he has pneumonia) 2. The doctor thought that... (a) the white blood cell count will be normal; b) the white blood cell count would be normal) 3. The scientists established that... (a) hemoglobin was the carrier of oxygen; b) hemoglobin is the carrier of oxygen)

6. 1. Read Text d. 2. Entitle it. 3. Choose and translate indefinite personal sentences. 4. Say what the 2nd and 3rd paragraphs deal with: TextD

If one investigates the act of inspiration (вдох) one will observe such phenomena.

When one breathes in, the external intercostal muscles contract and lift (поднимать) the ribs. At this moment the diaphragm also contracts and goes down. The volume of the chest increases. The increase of the chest volume enables the lungs to extend. The pressure in the lungs becomes less and the atmospheric air enters the lungs.

When one breathes out, the external intercostal muscles and the muscles of the diaphragm become relaxed (расслабленные). The ribs go down, the diaphragm goes up, the volume of the chest decreases and the lungs contract. The pressure in the lungs becomes higher and the air goes out of the lungs. If one is sitting or lying one makes 16-20 respirations per minute. On physical exertion the respiratory rate and the depth of respiration increase.

Normally during one inspiration the man breathes in about 500 ml of air. On deep inspiration one breathes in 1.5-2 litres of air.

The vital capacity of the lungs in the male averages 3.5-4 litres and in the female 3-3.5 litres.

The respiratory rate and its depth depend on the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood.

UNIT 3. THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Правила чтения: Буква о перед Id, st.

Словообразование: Суффиксы -ize (-ise); -ancy (-ency); -ant, -enf; -ness.

Грамматика: Времена Perfect Passive. Усилительная конструкция it is...

that. Формы инфинитива. Перфектный инфинитив после модальных

глаголов.

LESSON 21

HOME ASSIGNMENTS

Запомните:

1. Буква о перед Id и st читается [ou]: cold [kould] холодный; простуда; post [poust] почта.

2. При помощи суффикса -ize [aiz] образуются глаголы. Вариантами этого суффикса являются -yse, -yze, -ise: summarize резюмировать; analyse анализировать.

3. -ancy, -ency — суффиксы существительных: infancy [‘infansi] младенчество; insufficiency недостаточность.

4. -ant, -ent—суффиксы прилагательных: constant постоянный, significant важный, существенный.

5. Суффикс -ness образует существительное от прилагательного^- weak слабый — weakness слабость.

1. Прочтите следующие слова:

old, told, bold, hold, fold, sold, host, most

2. Прочтите и переведите следующие слова:

а) realize, recognize, criticize, generalize, specialize

б) sufficiency, urgency, persistency, emergency, deficiency, dependency,

efficiency

✓

в) distant, present, absent, important, dependent, different r) badness, readiness, coldness, whiteness, redness

3. Выполните следующие задания и ответьте на вопросы:

1. Дайте формулу страдательного залога группы Indefinite. Употребите глагол to write по этой формуле. 2. Поставьте вспомогательный глагол to

be из формулы |to be + Ш формар Perfect. Какую формулу вы получили? 3.

К какому залогу и к какой группе времен вы отнесете эту формулу? 4.

Какой глагол в формуле Perfect Passive to have been + III форма (written)! изменяется по временам, лицам и числам? 5. Как образуются отрицательная и вопросительная формы?

4. * Найдите сказуемые, определите время каждого сказуемого и дайте формулу, по которой они образованы:

1. The direction of the nerve fibers has already been established experimentally. 2. Several new medical schools have been founded in our country recently. 3. The exact amount of the blood in the experimental animal has just been estimated.

5. * Найдите и переведите предложения со сказуемыми в страдательном залоге:

1. The doctor has treated the patient with pneumonia. 2.1 have been treated at this clinic. 3. The professor has just delivered the lecture on the exchange of gases in the lungs. 4. The lecture on the exchange of gases in the lungs has been delivered today.

6. Прочтите предложения, сравните их перевод и ответьте на вопросы, данные ниже:

I. М. Sechenov investigated blood gases in 1858.

И. М. Сеченов исследовал газы крови в 1858 году.

It was Sechenov who investigated blood gases in 1858.

Именно Сеченов исследовал газы крови в 1858 году.

It was blood gases that Sechenov investigated in 1858.

Именно газы крови исследовал Сеченов в 1858 году.

It was not until 1858 that Sechenov investi gated blood gases.

(Именно) только в 1858 году Сеченов исследовал газы крови.

Какая конструкция в английских предложениях соответствует русскому “именно”, “только”? Для чего она употребляется?

7. * Переведите следующие предложения:

1. It is in the alveoli that the respiratory metabolism takes place. 2. It is hemoglobin that carries oxygen to different tissues of the human body. 3. It was not until 1628 that blood circulation was described by William Harvey.

8. Используйте усилительную конструкцию для выделения членов предложения (письменно):

Prof. Lesgaft understood well the importance of physical culture.

9. Прочтите и переведите следующие слова:

mechanism [‘mekanizm], cortex [‘ko:teks], communication [ka,mju:ni’keifn], stimuli [‘stimjulai], summarize [‘sAmaraiz], analyse [‘aenalaiz], constant [‘konstant], hypothalamus [,haipo’0£ebmas]

10. Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания:

complicate [‘komplikeit] v усложнять, осложнять; complicated [‘komplikeitid] а сложный; запутанный

directly [di’rektli]aJv прямо; непосредственно; немедленно ear [ia] и ухо

sense [sens] и чувство, ощущение; смысл, значение pain [pein] п боль

smell [srnel] и обоняние; запах; v обонять; пахнуть feeling [‘fi:lir)] и чувство, ощущение

order [‘o:da] и порядок; приказ; v назначать, прописывать; заказывать (лекарство); in order to для того, чтобы

move [mu:v] v шевелиться; двигать(ся), передвигать(ся) area [‘eeria] и область; поле; пространство

control [kan’troul] п контроль; управление, проверка; v управлять; контролировать; купировать (боль, болезнь); проверять vision [*vi3(a)n] и зрение almost [‘o:lmoust] adv почти; едва не

11. 1. Прочтите текст А. 2. Найдите и переведите предложения, содержащие а) усилительный оборот; б) Present Perfect Passive. 3. Найдите английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний и выучите их:

органы чувств, по поводу (о) боли, многое другое, двигательный отдел коры головного мозга

3. Составьте план текста:

Text A. The Brain

Scientists consider that our brain is the most complicated mechanism which has ever been constructed.

The weight of the human brain is from one to two kg. (kilograms). It has a volume of about 3.21 litres and consists of about 12 billion (миллиард) cells. It has been determined by the scientists that each cell is connected to the other directly or indirectly by nerve fibers.

The brain is the centre of a wide system of communication. It has been found out that a constant flow of stimuli comes into the brain through the spinal cord. The stimuli come to the brain from our eyes, ears, and other sense organs for pain, temperature, smell and other feelings. When all the received stimuli have been summarized and analysed the brain sends orders through the nerve fibers in the spinal cord to different parts of the human body. It is due to these orders that one eats, moves, hears, sees and does many other things.

To estimate the functions of different areas of the brain many experiments have been carried out by the investigators. It is due to such experiments that the investigators have been able to determine those areas of the brain which control vision, hearing, physical movements and even emotions.

Due to experimental studies it has been determined that the motor cortex controlling many body movements of the human being becomes tired rapidly. But the hypothalamus which controls such functions as blood pressure is almost never tired.

CLASS ASSIGNMENTS

12. Say the following sentences in the Past and Future Perfect Passive:

1. The work has been completed. 2. The important findings have been proved. 3. The number of leucocytes has been counted. 4. A female patient has been transferred to the hospital.

13. Make the following sentences negative and interrogative:

1. The new methods of research had been included into my work. 2. The course of treatment has been prolonged. 3. The structure of the pancreas will have been described in the new book.

14. Use the construction ‘it is (was)... that’ to emphasize the parts of the sentence in bold type:

1. The motor cortex controls many movements of the human being. 2. During the systole both ventricles of the heart contract. 3. On deep respiration the vital capacity of the lungs may become 6 litres. 4. In 1538 Andreas Vesalius published his six-volume work “Tabulae Anatomicae”.

15. Translate these word combinations:

1. constant communications between sense organs; 2. a complicated case; 3. in the heart area; 4. the feeling of pain; 5. to control a disease; 6. to examine hearing; 7. to analyse the disfunction of movements

16. Choose the nouns that can be used with the given verbs:

to control, to move, to send

findings, head, disease, pain, hands, movements, patient, respiration, letter, heartbeat, order, vision, legs

17. Choose the verbs to be used together with the given nouns: the pain can (be discharged, be estimated, be controlled);

the area can (be extended, be published, be pumped); the smell can (be covered, be entered, be felt); the vision can (be breathed in, be investigated, be complicated)

18. Read the passage and say what interesting things you have learned:

If the human being has a bad headache he often feels pain within the skull. But really the nerves through which pain stimuli pass exist mainly in the blood vessels and nervous system, but not in the proper substance of the brain. So the brain itself does not feel pain.

19. Memorize the words. Translate the sentences:

feed [fi:d] (fed, fed) v кормить(ся), питать(ся); feeding [fi:dirj] питание. The mother feeds her infant. Milk is the main feeding of an infant.

obtain [ab’tein] v приобретать; получать; доставать. During our life we obtain much experience.

develop [di’velap] v развивать(ся); обнаруживать(ся); появляться, разрабатывать, создавать. The patient developed a bad pain in the stomach.

supply [sa’plai] v обеспечивать, снабжать; питать;/? питание; снабжение; запас. Blood supply may become decreased in some heart disease.

response [ris’pons] n ответ; реакция. The response to the treatment was rapid.

20. Translate the words with the same root:

condition, conditioned, unconditioned; protect, protective, protection; production, productive, produce; add, addition, additional, additionally; developed, developing, development

21. Read, translate, and name the suffixes in the following words:

general, generalize; dependent, dependency; weak, weakness; insufficiency, insufficient; analysis, analyse; red, redness; infant, infancy

22. Read Text B. Translate it. State the difference between conditioned and unconditioned reflexes: