Text a. The blood vessels, large and small

The raw material’s¹ for the energy that powers man’s every thought and action are transported in the blood. The enriched² blood id carried in a network of small vessels, capillaries, to each cell. These capillaries are so small that 60 long ones or 120 short ones would stretch only the length of this line of type. There are so many capillaries in the body that, laid end to end, they would ring the equator³ more than twice.

Blood coming into the capillaries from the arteries has been enriched with oxygen in the lungs or with food from the digestive system. The walls of the capillaries are only one cell thick; so thin that oxygenated blood is able, to pass its oxygen and food to the body’s cells and to receive from the cells their waste. The spent blood then flows from the capillaries into the veins, which direct it back to the heart. In the heart the blood enters the arteries and is carried by them to the lungs and digestive system, to be oxygenated and enriched again before returning to the capillaries.

The body’s largest blood vessels, the aorta and the pulmonary artery, are about an inch in diameter. Arteries have thick elastic walls, the pulsations, of which assist the heart in pumping. Vein walls are more rigid. Many of them, particulary in the lower part of the body, have valves which prevent a backflow ofblood.

1. raw materials — сырые продукты

2. to enrich — обогащать

3. would ring the eqnator — опоясали бы экватор...

Class assignments Revision

4. State the suffixes in the following words and translate them:

1. the nouns: efficiency, slowness, division, usage, inhibition, tiredness, significance, development, difference, infancy, closure, passage;

2. the adjectives: medical, pulmonary, different, cortical, respiratory, various, specific, primary, considerable, effective, extensible, Italian;

3. the verbs: summarize, communicate, analyse, dilate

4. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the infinitives used after modal verbs:

1. Can such a serious complication have occurred in this case? 2. The disease can’t have developed so quickly. 3. The pain may not have been controlled yet. 4. The doctor may have administered this patient a light diet. 5. The nurse must have already given the injection. 6. His vision must have been checked up last week.

4. Turn the direct speech into indirect:

1. The surgeon asked: “Do you often develop pain in the stomach after meals?” 2. The eye doctor asked: “Do you drop the medicine regularly?” 3. The cardiologist asked: “When did you develop the pain in the heart area?” 4. The physiologist asked: “Where will the stimuli continue to come during a sound quiet sleep?”

4. Give extended answers:

1. What do the contractions of the heart produce? 2. What is the cardiac cycle composed of? 3. What is the role of the ventricles and atria? 4. Describe the pulmonary circulation. 5. Describe the systemic circulations. 6. What corpuscular elements compose the blood? 7. What heart sounds can one hear listening to the heart? 8. Where is the first (second, third) heart sound heard? 9. What do heart sounds help the doctors to determine? 10. What did I. M. Sechenov determine when he investigated the blood gases? 11. Describe the process of

5. А. М. Маслова

respiration. 12. What functions does the human brain perform? 13. What reflexes are called conditioned (unconditioned)? 14. Why is sleep necessary for any living being? 15. What is the process of inhibition?

4. Read Text B. Translate it. Memorize the figures: