II. Work with the text

1. Прочтите текст. Найдите в тексте модальные глаголы, объясните их употребление. Переведите текст и ответьте на вопросы после него.

Pilgrimage

In the Middle Ages, pilgrims were rather like today's pack­age tourists. The season began in April or May, and they had to travel in groups because it was safer and also more enjoyable. To prove they had done the pilgrimage, the rules were quite strict. They had to follow a well-planned route and visit important places of culture where they bought souvenirs to prove where they had been. They had to travel on foot or by horse and they stayed in special hostels. For some, the pilgrimage was an important religious experience, but many people could have a chance to have a holiday and do some sightsee­ing.

These days the rules are less strict. You only have to travel 100 km on foot or horseback. You can go by bicycle as well, but you're not supposed to drive or hitchhike, so to prove you have resisted this temptation, you're obliged to obtain a pilgrim’s "pass­port" and get a stamp at various offices along the route.

You don't even have to be very religious. Many people see it as an alternative to package tours and beach holidays. The pilgrimage is getting very popular and if you want to do it in the peace and quiet which the pilgrims in the past enjoyed, you should travel out of season and avoid holidays.

When you arrive in a Saint Place, you have to show your pass­port at the Pilgrim's Office by the cathedral. A church official checks the dates on the stamps and if he is satisfied, he may give you a blessing. The hotels, where the pilgrims can stay and which are today modern, is still obliged to give up to ten pilgrims one free meal a day.

1. Why had pilgrims to travel in groups in the Middle Ages?

2. By what means can you pilgrimage today?

3. Should you be very religious to be a pilgrim?

2.Переведите письменно текст с английского языка на русский, обращая внимание на модальные глаголы.

The moon

The Moon is the only astronomical body whose distance from the Earth can be measured in thousands of kilometers, all the other figures being millions, billions and trillions.

Long before the Moon was paid much attention to by man who was interested and attracted by the presence in the sky of a planet that could be seen from the Earth.

With the passage of time man could note that the Moon went through several phases and that each phase was followed by another with perfect regularity. The ancient astronomers might offer earlier calendars - lunar calendars, each month beginning on new moon.

The division of the year into 12 months or moons in the calendar now in general use. The Romans gave names to all months.

«In the Middle Ages, it could be supposed, that the Moon had to have smooth crystalline surface like a mirror and that the dark spots on the Moon were the Earth's reflection on its surface. However, with the help of the first little telescope that was turned by Galileo upon the Moon this conception was put an end to 1609. Galileo thought that he could see mountains and valleys, seas and continent on the Moon.

Today the view of the Moon is obtained with the help of a series of automatic lunar stations. Transmitted by these stations, the photos have shown that the surface of the Moon is uneven, with many hills and cavities like volcanic crators. A great number of stones lying on the Moon's surface proved that the lunar ground was firm enough and could not sink if it were stepped on.

3. Time for fun

They all are dead

Professor: - Can you tell me anything about the great chemists of the 17^th century?

Student: -They all are dead, sir.

Illness

Little Billy is ill. A small boy unknown to Billy's mother comes to ask after Billy's health.

Billy's mother is touched and gives him some sweets. When the boy is leaving, he suddenly asks:

If Billy dies, may I have his scooter?

III.Supplementary reading

40 years in bed

Doctor Mark Pemberton, who has just taken over a medical practice in rural Suffolk, visited a 74-year-old widow, Mrs Ada Teppit at her home in the village of Nacton. Mrs Teppit has been bedridden for 40 years. The doctor examined her but couldn't find anything wrong. He questioned her daughter. Norma, aged 54, and to his amazement discovered that 40 years ago the village doctor had ordered Mrs Teppit to stay in bed because she had influenza. He told her that she had not to get up until he returned. He never returned so she never got up. Her daughter had to look after her ever since. She could not and might not get married or have any job other than taking care of her mother. Now Mrs Teppit's muscles have wasted, and she has put on a lot of weight. She may never walk again.

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