III. Writing Section

1. Translate the following text from English into Russian. Use a dictionary if necessary.

Zero-pollution Cars

The electric car is an environmentally friendly alternative to gasoline-powered vehicles. It performs like a conventional car with one important difference – it is nearly silent and pollution-free. The electric car is propelled by an electric motor powered from a controller, which in its turn gets its power from rechargeable batteries. However, the batteries need replacement every 20,000 miles. Fuel cells solve the battery problem.

A fuel cell is an electrochemical energy conversion device that converts hydrogen and oxygen into water, producing electricity and heat in the process. Unlike a battery, you can continually recharge a fuel cell by adding chemical fuel – hydrogen from an onboard storage tank and oxygen from the atmosphere. The proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) seems to be one of the most promising technologies. A single fuel cell produces about 0.7 volts. To get this voltage up many separate fuel cells are combined to form a fuel cell stack.

Zero-pollution cars are also designed to run on compressed air using the concept of the steam engine. Liquid nitrogen stored at -320 ºF serves as the propellant for the LN2000’s cryogenic engine. Air moving around the vehicle heats the liquid nitrogen to the boiling temperature and causes it to turn to gas pushing on the boiling temperature and causes it to turn to gas pushing on the engine’s pistons. The only emission being nitrogen (which makes up 78% of the atmosphere), the air-compressed car fully justifies the name of its manufacturer – Zero-pollution Motors.

Write out the second sentence from the text and state the function of the words it and one.

Light reading

X-Rays by Post¹

This happened when X-ray treatment² was still a new invention. W.K. Roentgen, the discoverer of X-rays, received a letter from a man. The man asked to send him “several X-rays with instructions how to use them.” He explained that he had been shot in the chest and the bullet still remained there. “I should like very much³ to go to you myself but unfortunately I have no time.”

The scientist replied: “I am very sorry but we have no X-rays now. And besides, it is very difficult to send them by post. But there is a simpler thing you can do: send your chest by post to me.”

¹ X-rays by post – рентгеновские лучи по почте

² X-ray treatment – лечение рентгеновскими лучами

³ I should like very much – я бы очень хотел

1.3. Alternative Sources of Energy

I. Topical Vocabulary

1. To build up your active vocabulary read the following words and try to memorize them.

consumption [kən'sΛm(p)∫n] n	–	потребление, расход
immensely [ı'menslı] adv	–	очень; чрезвычайно, безмерно
sensible ['sensəbl] adj	–	разумный; ощутимый
reliable [rı'la(ı)əbl] adj	–	надёжный; прочный
generator ['dʒenəreıtə] n	–	источник энергии, генератор
pipe [paıp] n	–	труба; трубопровод
dam [dæm] n	–	дамба, плотина, запруда
waste [weıst] n	–	излишняя трата, потери, убыль, ущерб
to flood [flΛd] v	–	затоплять, наводнять, орошать
poisonous ['pɔıznəs] adj	–	ядовитый
biomass ['baıəumæs] n	–	биомасса
dung [dΛŋ] n	–	помёт, навоз, удобрение
to turn into [tə:n] v	–	превращать, преобразовывать (во что-л.)

2. Match the word combinations in column A with their translation in column B.

A		B
1.	energy consumption has increased	a)	быть способным выдерживать
2.	to have fossil fuel	b)	должен быть подходящим
3.	to be able to withstand	c)	быть способным сделать это
4.	to be renewable	d)	быть в ситуации
5.	can do it	e)	иметь ископаемое горючее
6.	must be suitable	f)	это не является источником загрязнения
7.	to have a situation	g)	потребление энергии возросло
8.	it does not pollute	h)	вынуждены ли мы?
9.	to be necessary	i)	быть обновляемым
10.	do we have to?	j)	быть необходимым