Grammar reference Страдательный залог (The Passive Voice)

В английском языке глаголы имеют два залога: действительный (the Active Voice) и страдательный (the Passive Voice).

В действительном залоге действие совершается подлежащим.

В страдательном залоге подлежащее (лицо или предмет) подвергается воздействию со стороны другого лица или предмета.

L. Tolstoy wrote the novel War and Peace. The novel War and Peace was written by L. Tolstoy.

Л. Толстой написал роман «Война и мир». Роман «Война и мир» был написан Л. Толстым.

Страдательный залог времён группы Indefinite (The Passive Voice of Indefinite Tenses)

	Утвердительная форма	Отрицательная форма	Вопросительная форма
Present	Alex often writes letters. Алекс часто пишет письма.	I don’t like reading. Я не люблю читать.	Does he translate letters? Он переводит письма?
Past	I wrote a letter to a friend yesterday. Я написал другу письмо вчера.	I did not write to him. Я не написал ему.	When did you write to him? Когда ты ему написала?
Future	I think I will write to him one of these days. Я думаю, я напишу ему на днях.	He will not come tomorrow. Он не придёт завтра.	Will he come tomorrow? Он придёт завтра?

to be + Participle II

	Утвердительная форма	Отрицательная форма	Вопросительная форма и краткие ответы
Present	I am He (she, it) is asked. We (you, they) are (Меня, его … спрашивают)	I am not asked.	Are you asked? Yes, I am. No, I’m not.
Past	I (he, she, it) was asked. We (you, they) were (Меня, его … спросили, спрашивали)	I was not asked.	Were you asked? Yes, I was. No, I wasn’t.
Future	I (we) will be asked. He (she, it, you, they) will (Меня, его … спросят, будут спрашивать)	I will not be asked.	Will you be asked? Yes, I will. No, I won’t.

Спряжение глаголов во временах группы Continuous

Active to be + Participle I

Passive to be + being + Participle II

The Present Continuous Tense

Active	Passive
I am He (she, it) is asking. We (you, they) are Я спрашиваю (сейчас).	I am He (she, it) is being asked. We (you, they) are Меня спрашивают (сейчас).
He is not asking. They are not asking.	He is not being asked. They are not being asked.
Is he asking? Are they asking?	Is he being asked? Are they being asked?

The Past Continuous Tense

Active	Passive
I (he, she, it) was asking. We (you, they) were Я спрашивал.	I (he, she, it) was being asked. We (you, they) were Меня спрашивали.
She was not asking. We were not asking.	She was not being asked. We were not being asked.
Was she asking? Were you asking?	Was she being asked? Were you being asked?

The Future Continuous Tense (Active)

1.	The experimental flexible line will be working for two hours on Wednesday.		Экспериментальная гибкая линия будет работать в течение двух часов в среду.
2.	The ship will be crossing the channel at 9 o’clock according to the time-table.		Корабль будет пересекать канал в 9 часов согласно расписанию.

Спряжение глаголов во временах группы Perfect

Active to have + Participle II

Passive to have + been + Participle II

The Present Perfect Tense

Форма	Залог
	Active	Passive
утвердительная	I (we, you, they) have asked. Я (уже) спросил. He (she, it) has asked.	I (we, you, they) have been asked. Меня (уже) спросили. He (she, it) has been asked.
отрицательная	I have not asked. He has not asked.	I have not been asked. He has not been asked.
вопросительная	Have you asked? Has he	Have you been asked? Has he

The Past Perfect Tense

Форма	Залог
	Active	Passive
утвердительная	I (he, she, it, we, you, had asked. they)	I (he, she, it, we, you, had been asked. they)
отрицательная	I had not asked.	I had not been asked.
вопросительная	Had you asked?	Had you been asked?

The Future Perfect Tense

Active		Passive
I (we) will have done my (our) work by 7 o’clock.		This work will have been done by 7 o’clock.
Я (мы) сделаю (сделаем) свою (нашу) работу к 7 часам.		Эта работа будет сделана к 7 часам.