- •Российский государственный торгово-экономический университет Учебник для студентов торгово-экономических специальностей английский язык
- •Содержание
- •Exercises
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •Vocabulary
- •Consolidation Units 1 – 3
- •I. Complete the sentences using the right item
- •II. Open the brackets using the correct form of the verb.
- •III. Insert the right preposition
- •IV. Form nouns from the following verbs.
- •Exercises
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •Vocabulary
- •Consolidation Units 4-6
- •I. Complete the sentence using the right item
- •II. Open the brackets using the correct form of the verb.
- •III. Complete the sentences with can, could, be able to, must, have to, be to, should in appropriate forms. Use several options and translate the sentences.
- •IV. Insert the right preposition.
- •V. Form nouns from the following verbs.
- •Exercises
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •Vocabulary
- •Consolidation Units 7-8
- •I. Complete the sentence using the right item
- •II. Fill in the right preposition
- •III. Match the words to make pairs
- •IV. Combine the sentences using Past Simple and Past Perfect.
- •V. Make comparisons using more - the most; better – the best; as…as; not so as; -er, -est where necessary.
- •Exercises
- •Vocabulary
- •Unit 10
- •Exercises
- •Vocabulary
- •Consolidation Units 9-10
- •I. Complete the sentence using the right item.
- •II. Put the following sentences into the Reported Speech.
- •III. Insert the right preposition.
- •IV. Form nouns from the following verbs.
- •Unit 11
- •Exercises
- •Vocabulary
- •Unit 12
- •Exercises
- •Vocabulary
- •Unit 13
- •Exercises
- •Vocabulary
- •Unit 14
- •Exercises
- •Vocabulary
- •Consolidation Units 13, 14
- •I. Complete the sentence using the right item.
- •II. Open the brackets using conditionals.
- •III. Put the verbs into the right form.
- •IV. Rewrite the following sentences using Complex Subject.
- •Resource File. Activate your Grammar.
- •Text Bank Unit 1. Read and translate the text. Get ready to summarise it.
- •Unit 2. Read and translate the text. Get ready to summarise it.
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Unit 5 Read and translate the text. Get ready to summarise it.
- •Unit 6 Read and translate the text. Get ready to summarise it. The Sales Manager
- •Unit 7 Read and translate the text. Get ready to summarise it.
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Unit 8. Read and translate the text. Get ready to summarise it.
- •Unit 9. Read and translate the text. Get ready to summarise it.
- •Unit 10. Read and translate the text. Get ready to summarise it.
- •Vocabulary
- •2. Present Continuous
- •3. Present Simple
- •4. Present Simple vs. Present Continuous
- •5. Past Simple
- •Ex. 1. Put the verbs in the past simple tense.
- •6. Past Continuous
- •7. Past Simple vs Past Continuous.
- •8. Present Perfect Simple
- •9. Present Perfect vs Past Simple
- •Compare
- •Compare these sentences.
- •10. Present Perfect Continuous
- •Present Perfect Simple vs Present Perfect Continuous. Compare these sentences
- •12. Past Perfect
- •13. Future Forms
- •2. Be going to (do)
- •3. Present Continuous1 with a future meaning.
- •4. Present Simple with a future meaning.
- •5. Future Continuous
- •Ex. 1. Put the following sentences in the negative and question forms (yes/no questions).
- •Ex. 2. Put the verbs into the correct form.
- •Ex. 3. Make one sentence from two sentences.
- •Ex. 4. Are you (your friend, your parents) going to do/ not going to do these things tomorrow?
- •Ex. 5. Put the verb in the correct form using will or going to.
- •Ex. 6. What will these people be doing tomorrow from 8 till 8-30 in the morning?
- •Ex. 7. Write some sentences about your plans for the next few days.
- •Ex. 8. Choose the correct verb form in the following pairs of sentences.
- •14. Revision of Tenses
- •15. Modal Verbs (Basic Rules)
- •2. Must – have to – be to
- •Ex. 5. Put in must or have to.
- •Ex. 6. Put in must or had to.
- •Ex. 7. Make questions with have to.
- •Ex. 8. Make negative sentences with have to.
- •Ex. 9. Underline the correct verb form.
- •4. Should (do)
- •1. General Questions
- •2. Special Questions
- •3. Alternative questions
- •17. Reported Speech
- •Verb in the past.
- •18. There (is) and It (is)
- •Ex. 3. Complete the dialogue with used to or didn’t use to.
- •Ex. 4. Translate the sentences into English.
- •20. Conditionals Type 1
- •Ex. 1. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense using type 1 conditional.
- •Ex. 2. Open the brackets using type 2 conditional.
- •Ex. 3. Give advice using type 2 conditional.
- •Ex. 5. Rewrite the following story using type 3 conditional.
- •E.G. If Ron hadn’t slept until twelve yesterday, he wouldn’t have failed the exam. Continue rewriting the story. Ex. 6. Match the following parts of the sentence
- •Ex. 8. Translate the sentences into English.
- •21. Passive Voice
- •22. Complex Subject
- •Ex. 1. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •Ex. 2. Rewrite the following sentences using the Complex Subject.
- •Ex. 3. Translate the sentences into English.
- •23. Gerund
- •25. Participles
- •Participle I has four forms:
- •26. Complex Object
- •27. Articles
- •28. Pronouns
- •Demonstrative pronouns
- •29. Some, Any, No
- •30. Compound pronouns.
- •31. Much, Many, Little, Few, a Lot (of)
- •32. Adjectives and Adverbs
- •33. Comparisons
- •Irregular Forms.
- •2. The same as
- •34. Other and Another
- •Ex. 1. Fill in the blanks with other, another, the other.
- •Ex. 2. Insert other or others.
- •We write ’ after nouns in plural
- •We use the possessive (’s) structure when the first noun is the name of a person, group of people, animal, organization, country.
- •E.G. Rules: club / football
- •36. So and Such
- •37. Enough and Too
- •Compare:
- •Ex. 3. Use too or enough.
- •Ex. 4. Translate the sentences into English.
- •38. Relative Сlauses
- •39. Prepositions At / on / in (time)
- •E.G. On Monday
- •For / During
- •In / at and to (places and directions)
- •40. Irregular Verbs
- •41. Word-Formation
- •42. Abbreviation List
7. Past Simple vs Past Continuous.
The Past Simple tense expresses past actions as simple facts.
The Past Continuous tense gives past activities time and duration.
Compare the following pairs of sentences:
A I did not see you in the pub last night.
B No. I stayed at home and watched TV.
A I rang you last night, but there was no reply.
B Sorry, I was watching TV, I did not hear the phone.
Ex. 1. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense, Past Simple or Past Continuous.
He (speak) on the phone when his mother (come).
His brother (come) while he (speak) on the phone.
Their friends (swim) in the pool at 5 o’clock yesterday.
I (work) for this company long ago.
He usually (play) volleyball at weekends.
They often (see) each other at work.
You (know) the answer?
It (rain) while she (walk) along the street.
He (want) to see his friend, but the friend (be) busy because he (decorate) his flat at that time.
I (meet) him when he (be) a child.
When they (see) a UFO they (stop).
He (break) his arm while he (skate).
He (love) her many years ago.
When Tim (see) the suitcase he immediately (recognize) it.
Ex. 2. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense, Past Simple or Past Continuous.
It (happen) many years ago. I (be) in India. I (hunt) there. Once I (spend) the whole day in the jungle. It (be) dark when I (decide) to return to my camp. I (walk) along a narrow path. There (be) strange sounds everywhere. On my right there (be) a thick tropical forest.
Suddenly I (see) something terrible in the jungle on my left. Two green eyes (look) at me. It (be) a man-eating tiger, ready to spring on me.
As I could swim well I (make) up my mind to escape that way. I (look) at the river to my right. There in the river (be) a huge crocodile. It (wait) for me with open jaws.
I (faint). A moment later I (jump) to my feet again. What do you think I (see)? The tiger (be) in the jaws of the crocodile.
Ex. 3. Translate the sentences into English.
1. Его телеграмма пришла, когда я выходил из дому.
2. В прошлом году я часто ходил в кино.
3. Когда я пришел, секретарь печатала письма.
4. Когда мой сын был болен, доктор приходил к нему каждый день.
5. Я вчера читал весь вечер.
6. Она порезала палец, когда готовила обед.
7. Дождь шел с трех до пяти.
8. Я завтракал, когда он мне позвонил.
9. Я пришел домой, поужинал и начал читать газету.
10. Я возвращался домой довольно поздно. Становилось уже темно, и шел дождь. Я шел быстро, так как было холодно. Мимо меня проезжали машины. Вдруг одна из них остановилась возле меня, и кто-то окликнул меня. Это был мой приятель. Я сел в машину, и через пять минут был дома.
8. Present Perfect Simple
|
I, WE, YOU, THEY |
HE, SHE, IT |
Positive |
They have arrived. |
He has arrived. |
Negative |
They haven’t arrived. |
He hasn’t arrived. |
Questions |
Have they arrived? Yes, they have. No, they haven’t. Where have you been? |
Has he arrived? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t. Where has he been? |
The Present Perfect tense is a present tense. We use it to talk about:
1. A present result of a past action.
E.g. He has lost his diary. (= He doesn’t have it now)
Typical time words here are: just, already (in positive sentences), yet (only in negative sentences and questions).
E.g. I have just done the washing.
She has already cleaned the room.
Have you finished the work yet?
2. People’s experiences without any specific time reference. Here never and ever are often used.
E.g. “Have you ever seen him?”
“No, I have never met this person”.
Other time words are: before, recently, so far, lately.
E.g. I haven’t seen them recently.
I haven’t done it so far.
Have you met them before?
3. Things (actions, states) which began in the past and still continue, especially when we say how long they have lasted.
E.g. Ann has worked with children for 15 years.
Note the time expressions that are common with this use.
ten years
For a week for a period of time
ages
half an hour
1959
last September
Since Easter for a point in time
5 o’clock
she came
4. Also this morning, this evening, this week, today, etc. are typical here.
E.g. I haven’t seen her for ages.
We haven’t met since October.
“How long have you known her?”
“I have known her for a year.”
I have translated three texts today.
Ex. 1. Complete the following irregular verb table with the correct forms. Notice the similarities between the verb forms.
A |
Infinitive |
Past Simple |
Past Participle |
drink begin ring –– –– |
drank –– –– –– sang |
drunk begun –– swum –– |
|
B |
bring –– teach –– think –– |
brought bought –– caught –– –– |
brought –– –– –– –– fought |
C |
meet –– mean keep –– |
met slept –– –– fed |
met –– –– –– –– |
Ex. 2. Make the sentences negative and interrogative (yes/no questions).
He has ridden a camel.
We have passed our exams.
He has had a chance to think about his future.
You have asked her to dinner several times.
They have recently bought a new camera.
He has finished his report this week.
We have had a few meetings with our partners.
I have made several phone calls.
She has already done a crossword.
10.Their son has passed his exams successfully.
Ex. 3. Mr. Pitt is a retired man. His life has changed. He has a lot of free time. Write sentences about the changes in his life. Use the Present Perfect Simple tense.
(he/ visit/ all his relatives) …
(he/ travel/ to many interesting places) …
(he/ phone/ his old friends) …
(he/ start/ playing table tennis) …
(he/ read/ a lot of books) …
(he/ write/ letters to his ex business partners in Africa and Australia) …
(he/ mend/ several broken things in his kitchen) …
Ex. 4. You are asking Peter questions beginning with Have you ever … ?
1. (change/ a job) - No, never
2. (have/ a pet) - Yes, once
3. (travel/ abroad) - Yes, twice
4. (be/ married) - No, never
5. (fall/ in love) - Yes, a few times
6. (speak English/ to a foreigner) - Yes, many times
7. (smoke/ cigars) - No, never
8. (ride/ a horse) - No, never
9. (eat/ in a Japanese restaurant) - Yes, once
10. (get/ a bad mark in English) - Yes, many times
Now look at Peter’s answers and write sentences about Peter and yourself.
Peter |
You |
|
|
Ex. 5. Make up sentences describing things which you have/haven’t done
already, yet, recently, just, before, so far.
I have already ……………………………………………. .
I have just ………………………………………………… .
I have ……………………………………………… recently.
I haven’t ………………………………………………… yet.
I have / haven’t ………………………………………. so far.
I have / haven’t …………………………………….…..before.
Ex. 6. Complete these sentences using the correct form of the underlined verb.
E.g. She likes sport. She has liked it since her childhood.
I am afraid of dogs. I … since one of them attacked me.
They are married. They … for a long time.
He is single. He … all his life.
She has trouble sleeping. She … for 6 years.
We know each other. We … for ages.
She has two jobs. She … since she moved to Paris.
I am in love with Mary. I … since I left school.
8. He doesn’t believe anybody. He … since his father left him.
Ex. 7. Insert for or since.
I have lived in the same flat … ages.
He has been ill … 2 days.
He has been ill … Monday.
He has been ill … he returned from a backpacking trip.
He has been ill … a week.
You have been careless with things like that … you left college.
You have been careless …a long time.
Ex. 8. Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same.
E.g. It’s a long time since I last went to Switzerland. I haven’t gone to Switzerland for a long time.
It’s ages since I last spoke to her. I haven’t … .
It’s over two years since I knew my teacher. I have … .
The last time I visited Tom was in September. I haven’t … .
It’s two years since I last saw him. I …
There is a certain change in your attitude to Mary. Lately your attitude … .
We bought a cat ten years ago. We have … .
The last time I delivered a lecture was in 2004. I haven’t … .
After she left I started to feel more comfortable. Since she … .
After we talked I got interested in that problem. Since we …
They got married five years ago. They have … .
Ex. 9. Translate the following sentences into English.
Они только что пообедали.
Я уже сделала все покупки.
Я не играла в теннис в этом году.
Она поменяла три работы с тех пор, как закончила школу.
Мы знаем друг друга целую вечность.
Я был во Франции, но никогда не был в Испании.
Я еще не напечатала все письма.
Как долго он находится в больнице?
Они поженились на этой неделе.
Вы когда-либо были в Италии? - Я прежде не путешествовал.
Он уже перевел эти письма? - Еще нет.
Она сильно изменилась за последнее время.
Раньше я не делал таких заданий.
До сих пор она перевела только три статьи.
– Вы давно его знаете?
- Да, с тех пор, как мы поступили в институт.